Updated 19 Dec 2009

WIRKSWORTH Parish Records 1600-1900

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Bye-laws - 1879

Barry Cooper writes:
Our clear out of old stuff continues. The latest find is a copy of the:
"Wirksworth Local Board - Bye-laws - 1879. Printed by George Marsden, Stationer, Market Place"
Is this on the website? It deals with:
New Streets and Buildings, Common Lodging-houses, Nuisances, The Cleansing of Footways and Pavements, The Removal of House Refuse, The Cleansing of Earth-Closets, Privies, Ashpits and Cesspools, Slaughter Houses
72 pages of, to me, amazing detail. I didn't realise that the Bye-laws were so detailed. If you are interested, do you have any suggestions of what to do with it?
Regards
Barry

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Subjects

New Streets and Buildings
Common Lodging-houses,
Nuisances,
The Cleansing of Footways and Pavements,
The Removal of House Refuse,
The Cleansing of Earth-Closets,
        Privies, Ashpits and Cesspools,

Slaughter-Houses

Wirksworth Local Board - Bye-laws - 1879.

George Marsden, Printer, Market Place, Wirksworth

    Page 03

    BYELAWS

    MADE BY THE LOCAL BOARD FOR THE DISTRICT
    OF WIRKSWORTH, ACTING AS THE URBAN
    SANITARY AUTHORITY, WITH RESPECT TO

    NEW STREETS AND BUILDINGS.

    -----------------

    Interpretation of Terms

    1. In the construction of the byelaws relating to new streets and buildings the following words and expressions shall have the meanings hereinafter respectively assigned to them, unless such meanings be repugnant to or inconsistent with the context or subject matter in which such words or expressions occur; that is to say- "The Sanitary Authority" means the Local Board for the District of Wirksworth : " The District" means the Local Government District of Wirksworth: " Base " applied to a wall means the under side of the course immediately above the footings : " Topmost storey" means the uppermost storey in a building, whether constructed wholly or partly in the roof or not, and whether used or constructed or adapted for human habitation or not: " Party wall" means- (a) A wall forming part of a building and being used or constructed to be used in any part of the height or length of such wall for separation of adjoining buildings belonging to different owners, or occupied or constructed or adapted to be occupied by different persons; or (b) A wall forming part of a building and standing, in any part of the length of such wall, to a greater extent than the projection of the footings on one side, on grounds of different owners: A 2 Page 04 "External wall" means an outer wall of a building not being a party wall, even though adjoining to a wall of another building : "Public building" means a building used or constructed or adapted to be used, either ordinarily or occasionally, as a church, chapel, or other place of public worship, or as a hospital, workhouse, college, school (not being merely a dwelling house so used), theatre, public hall, public con- cert room, public ball room, public lecture room, or public exhibition room, or as a public place of assembly for per- sons admitted thereto, by tickets or otherwise, or used or constructed or adapted to be used, either ordinarily or occasionally, for any other public purposes: "Building of the warehouse class" means a warehouse, fac- tory, manufactory, brewery or distillery: "Domestic building" means a dwelling-house or an office building, or other out-building appurtenant to a dwelling- house, whether attached thereto or not, or a shop, or any other building not being a public building, or of the ware- house class: "Dwelling-house" means a building used or constructed or adapted to be used wholly or principally for human habi- tation: "Width," applied to a new street, means the whole extent of space intended to be used, or laid out so as to admit of being used as a public way, exclusive of any steps or projections therein, and measured at right angles to the course or direction or intended course or direction of such street. Exempted Buildings. 2. The following buildings shall be exempt from the operation of the byelaws relating to new streets and buildings:- (a.) Any building in Her Majesty's possession, or employed or intended to be employed for Her Majesty's use or service : (b.) Any county lunatic asylum, any sessions house, or any other public building belonging to or wholly and permanently occupied by the justices of the peace of the county, in which such asylum, sessions house, or other public building may be situated or may be erected : (c.) Any gaol, house of correction, bridewell, penitentiary, or other prison, and any building occupied or intended to be Page 05 occupied by any prison officer for the use of such prison and contiguous thereto : (d.) Any building (not being a dwelling-house) belonging to any person or body of persons authorized by virtue of any Act of Parliament to navigate on or use any river, canal, dock, harbour, or basin, or to demand any tolls or dues in respect of the navi gation of such river or canal, or the use of such dock, harbour, or basin, and used or intended to be used exclusively under the provisions of such Act of Parliament for the purposes of such river, canal, dock, harbour, or basin : (e.) Any building (not being a dwelling-house) erected or intended to be erected in connection with any mine, and used or intended to be used exclusively in the working of such mine: (f.) Any building erected or intended to be erected under the Improvement of Land Act, 1864, or other Acts for the improve ment of land administered by the Enclosure Commissioners for England and Wales : (g.) Any building which may not be exempt by the operation of any of the preceding clauses of this byelaw, and which may be erected or may be intended to be erected in accordance with such plan and in such manner as may be approved or directed in pursuance of any statutory provision in that behalf by one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State : (h.) Any building erected and used, or intended to be erected and used, exclusively for the purpose of a plant-house, orchard- house, summer-house, poultry-house, or aviary, which shall be wholly detached, and at a distance of ten feel at the least from any other building, and which shall not be heated otherwise than by hot water, and in which the fireplaces (if any) shall be detached, with no flues of any kind within such plant-house, orchard-house, summer-house, poultry-house, or aviary : (i.) Any building which shall not exceed in height thirty feet as measured from the footings of the walls, and shall not exceed in extent one hundred and twenty-five thousand cubic feet, and shall not be a public building, and shall not be constructed or adapted to be used either wholly or partly for human habitation, or as a place of habitual employment for any person in any manufacture, trade, or business, and shall be at least eight feet from the nearest street, and at least thirty feet from the nearest building and from the boundary of any adjoining lands or premises : (j) Any building which shall exceed in height thirty feet as measured from the footings of the walls, and shall exceed in extent one hundred and twenty-five thousand cubic feet, and shall Page 06 not be a public building, and shall not be constructed or adapted to be used either wholly or partly for human habitation, or as a place of habitual employment for any person in any manufacture, trade, or business, and shall be distant at least thirty feet from from the nearest street, and at least sixty fed from the nearest building and from the boundary of any adjoining lands or premises : (k.) Any building erected or intended to be erected for use solely as a temporary hospital for the reception and treatment of persons suffering from any dangerous infectious disorder, With respect to the Level of New Streets 3. Every person who shall lay out a new street shall lay out such a street at such level as will afford the easiest practicable gradients throughout the entire length of such street for the purpose of securing easy and convenient means of communica- tion with any other street or intended street with which such new street may be connected or may be intended to be connected, and as will allow of compliance with the provisions of any statute or byelaw in force within the district for the regulation of new streets and buildings. With respect to the Width and Construction of New Streets. 4. Every person who shall lay out a new street which shall be intended for use as a carriage road shall so lay out such street that the width thereof shall be thirty-six feet at the least. 5. Every person who shall construct a new street which shall exceed one hundred feet in length shall construct such street for use as a carriage-road, and shall, as regards such street, comply with the requirements of every byelaw relating to a new street intended for use as a carriage-road. 6. Every person who shall lay out a new street which shall be intended for use otherwise than as a carriage road, and shall not exceed in length one hundred feet, shall so lay out such street that the width thereof shall be twenty-four feet at the least : Provided always that this byelaw shall not apply in any case where a new street shall not be intended to form the principal approach or means of access to any building, but shall be intended for use solely as a separate means of access to any premises for the purpose of removing therefrom the contents of any receptacle of any privy, or of any ashpit, or of any cesspool, without carrying such contents through any dwelling-house or public building, or any building in which any person may be or Page 07 may be intended to be employed in any manufacture, trade, of business. 7. Every person who shall construct a new street for use as a carriage-road shall comply with the following requirements:- (a.) He shall construct the carriage-way of such street so that the width thereof shall be twenty-four feet; at the least. (b.) He shall construct the surface of the carriage-way of such street so as to curve or fall from the centre or crown of such carriage-way to the channels at the sides thereof; the height of the crown of the carriage-way above the level of the side chan nels being calculated at the rate of not less than three-eighths of an inch and not more than three-fourths of an inch for every foot of the width of such carriage-way. (c.) He shall construct on each side of such street a footway of a width not less than one-sixth of the entire width of such street. (d.) He shall construct each footway in such street so as to slope or fall towards the kerb or outer edge at the rate of one half of an inch in every foot of width, if the footway be not paved, flagged, or asphalted; and at the rate of not less than a quarter of an inch and not more than one-half of an inch in every foot of width, if the footway be paved, flagged, or asphalted. (e.) He shall construct each footway in such street so that the height of the kerb or outer edge of such footway above the channel of the carriage-way (except in the case of crossings paved or otherwise formed for the use of foot passengers) shall be not less than three inches at the highest part of such channel and not more than seven inches at the lowest part of such channel, 8. Every person who shall construct a new street shall provide at one end, at least, of such street an entrance of a width equal to the width of such street, and open from the ground upwards. With respect to the Structure of Walls, Foundations, Roofs, and Chimneys of new Buildings for securing Stability and the Prevention of Fires, and for Purposes of Health. 9. A person who shall erect a new building shall not construct any foundation of such building upon any site which shall have been filled up with any material impregnated with fecal matter or impregnated with any animal or vegetable matter, or upon which any such matter may have been deposited, unless and until such matter shall have been properly removed, by excavation or otherwise, from such site. Page 08 10. Every person who shall erect: a new domestic building shall cause the whole ground surface or site of such building to be properly asphalted or covered with a layer of good cement concrete, rammed solid, at least six inches thick. 11. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause such building to be enclosed with walls constructed of good bricks, stone, or other hard and incombustible materials, properly bonded and solidly put together:- (a.) With good mortar compounded of good lime and clean, sharp sand, or other suitable material; or (b.) With good cement; or (f.) With good cement mixed with clean, sharp sand. 12. Every person who shall erect, a new building shall construct every cross wall, which, in pursuance of the byelaw in that behalf, may, as a return wall, be deemed a means of determining the length of any external wall or party wall of such building, of good bricks, stone, or other hard and incombustible materials properly bonded and solidly put together:- (a.) With good mortar compounded of good lime and clean, sharp sand, or other suitable material; or (b.) With good cement; or (c.) With good cement mixed with clean, sharp sand. 13. A person who shall erect a new building shall not construct any wall of such building so that any part of such wall not being a projection intended solely for the purposes of architectural ornament, or a properly constructed corbel, shall overhang any part beneath it. 14. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause every wall of such building which may be built at an angle with another wall to be properly bonded therewith. 15. Every person who shall erect a new building shall construct every wall of such building so as to rest upon proper footings. He shall cause the projection at the widest part of the footings of every wall, on each side of such wall, to be at least equal to one-half of the thickness of such wall at its base, unless an adjoining wall interferes, in which case the projection may be omitted where that wall adjoins. He shall also cause the diminution of the footings to be in regular offsets, or in one offset at the top of the footings, and he shall cause the height from the bottom of the footings to the Page 09 base of the wall to be at least equal to two-thirds of the thickness of the wall at its base. 16. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause the footings of every wall of such building to rest on the solid ground, or upon a sufficient thickness of good concrete, or upon some solid and sufficient sub-structure, as a foundation. 17. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause every wall of such building to have a proper damp course of sheet lead, asphalte, or slates laid in cement, or of other durable material impervious to moisture, beneath the level of the lowest timbers, and at a height of not less than six inches above the surface of the ground adjoining such wall. 18. For the purposes of the byelaws with respect to the structure of walls of new buildings, the measurement of height of storeys and of height and length of walls shall be determined by the following rules:- (i.) The heights of storeys shall be measured as follows:- (a.) The height of a topmost storey shall be measured from the level of the upper surface of the floor up to the level of the under side of the tie of the roof or other covering, or if there is no tie then tip to the level of half the vertical height of the rafters or other support of the roof: (b.) The height of every storey, other than a topmost storey, shall be measured from the level of the upper surface of the floor of the storey up to the level of the upper surface of the floor of the storey next above it. (ii.) The height of a wall shall be measured from the top of the footings to the highest part of the wall, or in the case of a gable, to half the height of the gable. (iii.) Walls shall be deemed to be divided into distinct lengths by return walls. The length of a wall shall be measured from the centre of one return wall to the centre of another, provided that the return walls are external walls, party walls, or cross walls, of the thickness prescribed by the byelaws, and are bonded into the walls so deemed to be divided. A wall shall not, for the purpose of this rule, be deemed a cross wall unless it is carried up to the top of the topmost storey, and unless in each storey the aggregate extent of the vertical faces or elevations of all the recesses and that of all the openings therein, taken together, shall not exceed one-half of the whole extent of the vertical face or elevation of the wall in such storey. 19. Every person who shall erect a new domestic building shall construct every external wall and every party wall of such Page 10 building in accordance with the following rules, and in every case the thickness prescribed shall be the minimum thickness of which any such wall may be constructed, and the several rules shall apply only to walls built of good bricks, not less than nine inches long, or of suitable stone, or other blocks of hard and incombustible substance, the beds or courses being horizontal. Height up to 25 feet (a.) Where the wall does not exceed twenty-five feet in height its thickness shall be as follows:-- If the wall does not exceed thirty feet in length, and does not comprise more than two storeys, it shall be nine inches thick for its whole height: If the wall exceeds thirty feet in length, or comprises more than two storeys, it shall be thirteen and a half inches thick below the topmost storey, and nine inches thick for the rest of its height. Height up to 30 feet. (b.) Where the wall exceeds twenty-five feet but does not exceed thirty feet in height it shall be thirteen and a half inches thick below the topmost storey, and nine inches thick for the rest of its height. Height up to 40 feet (c.) Where the wall exceeds thirty feet but does not exceed forty feet in height its thickness shall be as follows:- If the wall does not exceed thirty-five feet in length it shall be thirteen and a half inches thick below the topmost storey, and nine inches thick for the rest of its height: If the wall exceeds thirty-five feet in length it shall be eighteen inches thick for the height of one storey, then thirteen and a half inches thick for the rest of its height below the topmost storey, and nine inches thick for the rest of its height. Height up to 50 feet (d.) Where the wall exceeds forty feet but does not exceed 50 feet in height its thickness shall be as follows:- If the wall does not exceed thirty feet in length it shall be eighteen inches thick for the height of one storey, then thirteen and a half incites thick for the rest of its height below the topmost storey, and nine inches thick for the rest of its height: If the wall exceeds thirty feet but does not exceed forty-five feet in length it shall be eighteen inches thick for the height of two storeys, then thirteen and a half inches thick for the rest of its height If the wall exceeds forty-five feet in length it shall be twenty-two inches thick for the height of one storey, then eighteen inches thick for the height of the next storey, and Page 11 then thirteen and a half inches thick for the rest of its height. Height up to 60 feet. (e.) Where the wall exceeds fifty feet but does not exceed sixty feet in height its thickness shall be as follows:- If the wall does not exceed forty-five feet in length it shall be eighteen inches thick for the height of two storeys and thirteen and a half inches thick for the rest of its height. If the wall exceeds forty-five feet in length it shall be twenty-two inches thick for the height of one storey, then eighteen inches thick for the height of the next two storeys, and then thirteen and a half inches thick for the rest of its height. Height up to 70 feet. (f.) Where the wall exceeds sixty feet but does not exceed seventy feet in height its thickness shall be as follows:- If the wall does not exceed forty-five feet in length it shall be twenty-two inches thick for the height of one storey, then eighteen inches thick for the height of the next two storeys, and then thirteen and a half inches thick for the rest of its height: If the wall exceeds forty-five feet in length it shall be increased in thickness in each of the storeys below the uppermost two storeys by four and a half inches (subject to the provision hereinafter contained respecting distribution in piers). Height up to 80 feet. (g.) Where the wall exceeds seventy feet but does not exceed eighty feet in height its thickness shall be as follows:- If the wall does not exceed forty-five feet in length it shall be twenty-two inches thick for the height of one storey, then eighteen inches thick for the height of the next three storeys, and thirteen and a half inches thick for the rest of its height: If the wall exceeds forty-five feet in length it shall be increased in thickness in each of the storeys below the uppermost two storeys by four and a half inches (subject to the provision hereinafter contained respecting distribution in piers). Height up to 90 feet. (h.) Where the wall exceeds eighty feet but does not exceed ninety feet in height its thickness shall be as follows:- If the wall does not exceed forty-five feet in length it Page 12 shall be twenty-six inches thick for the height of one storey, then twenty-two inches thick for the height of the next storey, then eighteen inches thick for the height of the next three storeys, and then thirteen and a half inches thick for the rest of its height: If the wall exceeds forty-five feet in length it shall be increased in thickness in each of the storeys below the uppermost two storeys by four and a half inches (subject to the provision hereinafter contained respecting distribution in piers). Height up to 100 feet (i) Where the wall exceeds ninety feet but does not exceed one hundred feet in height its thickness shall be as follows:- If the wall does not exceed forty-five feet in length it shall be twenty-six inches thick for the height of one storey, then twenty-two inches thick for the height of the next two storeys, then eighteen inches thick for the height of the next three storeys, and then thirteen and a half inches thick for the rest of its height: If the wall exceeds forty-five feet in length it shall be increased in thickness in each of the storeys below the uppermost two storeys, by four and a half inches (subject to the provision hereinafter contained respecting distribution in piers). (j.) If any storey exceeds in height sixteen times the thickness prescribed for its walls, the thickness of each external wall and of each party wall throughout that storey shall be increased to one-sixteenth part of the height of the storey, and the thickness of each external wall and of each party wall below that storey shall be proportionately increased (subject to the provision hereinafter contained respecting distribution in piers). (k.) Every external wall and every party wall of any storey which exceeds ten feet in height shall be not less than thirteen and a half inches in thickness. (l.) Where by any of the foregoing rules relating to the thickness of external walls and party walls of domestic buildings an increase of thickness is required in the case of a wall exceeding sixty feet in height and forty-five feet in length, or in the case of a storey exceeding in height sixteen times the thickness prescribed for its walls, or in the case of a wall below that storey, the increased thickness may be confined to piers properly distributed, of which the collective widths amount to one-fourth part Page 13 of the length of the wall. The width of the piers may nevertheless be reduced if the projection is proportionately increased, the horizontal sectional area not being diminished; but the projection of any such pier shall in no case exceed one-third of its width. 20. Every person who shall erect a new public building or a new building of the warehouse class shall construct every external wall and every party wall of such building in accordance with the following rules; and in every case the thickness prescribed shall be the minimum thickness of which any such wall may be constructed, and the several rules shall apply only to walls built of good bricks, not less than nine inches long, or of suitable stone or other blocks-of hard and incombustible substance, the beds or courses being horizontal. Height up to 25 feet. (a.) Where the wall does not exceed twenty-five feet in height (whatever is its length) it shall be thirteen and a half inches thick at its base. Height up to 30 feet. (b.)Where the wall exceeds twenty-five feet but does not exceed thirty feet in height it shall be at its base of the thickness following:- If the wall does not exceed forty-five feet in length it shall be thirteen and a half inches thick at its base: If the wall exceeds forty-five feet in length it shall be eighteen inches thick at its base. Height up to 40 feet (c) Where the wall exceeds thirty feet but does not exceed forty feet in height it shall be at its base of the thickness following:- If the wall does not exceed thirty-five feet in length it shall be thirteen and a half inches thick at its base: If the wall exceeds thirty-five feet but does not exceed forty-five feet in length it shall be eighteen inches thick at its base: If the wall exceeds forty-five feet in length it shall be twenty-two inches thick at its base. Height up to 50 feet. (d) Where the wall exceeds forty feet but does not exceed fifty feet in height it shall be at its base of the thickness following:- If the wall does not exceed thirty feet in length it shall be eighteen inches thick at its base: If the wall exceeds thirty feet but does not exceed forty-five feet in length it shall be twenty-two inches thick at its base: If the wall exceeds forty-five feet in length it shall be twenty-six inches thick at its base. Page 14 Height up to 60 feet. (e Where the wall exceeds fifty feet but does not exceed sixty in height it shall be at its base of the thickness following:- If the wall does not exceed forty-five feet in length it shall be twenty-two inches thick at its base: If the wall exceeds forty-five feet in length it shall be twenty-six inches thick at its base. Height up to 70 feet. (f) Where the wall exceeds sixty feet but does not exceed seventy feet in height it shall be at its base of the thickness following:- If the wall, does not exceed forty-five feet in length it shall be twenty two inches thick at its base: If the wall exceeds forty-five feet in length it shall be increased in thickness from the base up to within sixteen feet from the top of the wall by four and a half inches (subject to the provisions hereinafter contained respecting distribution in piers). Height up to 80 feet (g) Where the wall exceeds seventy feet but does not exceed eighty feet in height it shall be at its base of the thickness following:- If the wall does not exceed forty-five feet in length it shall be twenty-two inches thick at its base: If the wall exceeds forty-five feet in length it shall be increased in thickness from the base up to within sixteen feet from the top of the wall by four and a half inches (subject to the provision hereinafter contained respecting distribution in piers). Height up to 90 feet (h) Where the wall exceeds eighty feet but does not exceed ninety feet in height it shall be at its base of the thickness following:- If the wall does not exceed forty-five feet in length it shall be twenty-six inches thick at its base: If the wall exceeds forty-five feet in length it shall be increased in thickness from the base up to within sixteen feet from the top of the wall by four and a half inches (subject to the provision hereinafter contained respecting distribution in piers). Height up to 100 feet. (i) Where the wall exceeds ninety feet but does not exceed one hundred feet in height it shall be at its base of the thickness following:- If the wall does not exceed forty five feet in length it shall be twenty-six inches thick at its base: If the wall exceeds forty-five feet in length it shall be increased in thickness from the base up to within sixteen. Page 15 feet from the top of the wall by four and a half inches (subject to the provision hereinafter contained respecting distribution in piers). (j.) The thickness of the wall at the top, and for sixteen feet below the top, shall be thirteen and a half inches, and the intermediate parts of the wall between the base and sixteen feet below the top shall be built solid throughout the space between straight lines drawn on each side of the wall and joining the thickness at the base to the thickness at sixteen feet below the top. Nevertheless, in walls not exceeding thirty feet in height the walls of the topmost storey may be nine inches thick, provided the height of that storey does not exceed ten feet. (k.) If any storey exceeds in height fourteen times the thickness prescribed for its walls, the thickness of each external wall and of each party wall throughout that storey shall be increased to one-fourteenth part of the height of the storey, and the thickness of each external wall and of each party wall below that storey shall be proportionately increased (subject to the provision hereinafter contained respecting distribution in piers). (l.) Every external wall and every party wall of any storey which exceeds ten feet in height shall be not less than thirteen and a half inches in thickness. (m.) Where by any of the foregoing rules relating to the thickness of external walls and party walls of public buildings or buildings of the warehouse class an increase of thickness is required in the case of a wall exceeding sixty feet in height and forty-five feet in length, or in the case of a storey exceeding in height fourteen times the thickness prescribed for its walls, or in the case of a wall below that storey, the increased thickness may be confined to piers properly distributed, of which the collective widths amount to one-fourth part of the length of the wall. The width of the piers may nevertheless be reduced if the projection is proportionately increased, the horizontal sectional area not being diminished; but the projection of any such pier shall in no case exceed one- third of its width. 21. Every person who shall erect a new building shall construct, in accordance with the following rules, every cross wall which, in pursuance of the byelaw in that behalf, may, as a return wall, be deemed a means of determining the length of Page 16 any external wall or party wall of such building; and in every case the thickness prescribed shall be the minimum thickness of which any such wall may be constructed; and the several rules shall apply only to walls built of good bricks, not less than nine inches long, or of suitable stone or other blocks of hard and incombustible substance, the beds or courses being horizontal:- The thickness of every such cross wall shall be at least two- thirds of the thickness prescribed by the byelaw in that behalf for an external wall or party wall of the same height and length and belonging to the same class of building as that to which such cross wall belongs, but shall in no case be less than nine inches: But if such cross wall supports a superincumbent external wall, the whole of such cross wall shall be of the thickness prescribed by the byelaw in that behalf for an external wall or a party wall of the same height and length and belonging to the same class of building as that to which such cross wall belongs. 22. Every person who shall erect a new building and shall construct any external wall, party wall, or cross wall of such building of any material other than good bricks, not less than nine inches long, or suitable stone or other blocks of hard and incombustible substance, the beds or courses being horizontal, shall comply with the following rules with respect to the thickness of such wall:- (a.) Where a wall is built of stone or of clunches of bricks, or other burnt or vitrified material, the beds or courses not being horizontal, its thickness shall be one-third greater than that prescribed by the byelaw in that behalf for a wall built of bricks, but in other respects of the same description, height, and length, and belonging to the same class of building: (b.) A wall built of other suitable material shall be deemed to be of sufficient thickness if constructed of the thickness prescribed by the byelaw in that behalf for a wall built of bricks, but in other respects of the same description, height, and length, and belonging to the same class of building. 23. Every person who shall erect a new building and shall leave in any storey or storeys of such building an extent of opening in any external wall which shall be greater than one- half of the whole extent of the vertical face or elevation of the wall or walls of the storey or storeys in which the opening is left shall construct- (a.) Sufficient piers of brickwork or other sufficient supports Page 17 of incombustible material so disposed as to carry the superstructure; and (b.) A sufficient pier or piers or other sufficient supports of that description at the corner or angle of any street on which the building abuts; or (c.) Such a pier or other support in each wall within three feet of the corner or angle of the street. 24. Every person who shall erect a new building of the warehouse class shall cause every loophole frame of wood, that is to say, every framework of wood surrounding any door or window opening in any storey of such building for the reception or delivery of goods, to be fixed at a distance of not less than one inch and a half from the face of any external wall. Subject to the foregoing provision, every person who shall erect a new building shall cause all woodwork in any external wall of such building (except any bressummer, or any storey post under a bressummer, and any frame of a door or window of a shop) to be set back in reveals four inches at least from the outer face of such wall. 25. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause such part of any external wall of such building as is within a distance of fifteen feet from any other building to be carried up so as to form a parapet one foot at least above the highest part of any roof or gutter which adjoins such part of such external wall, and he shall cause the thickness of the parapet so carried up to be at least nine inches throughout. 26. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause every party wall of such building to be carried up nine inches, at the least, in thickness: (i.) Above the roof, flat, or gutter of the highest building adjoining thereto to such height as will give, in the case of a building of the warehouse class or of a public building, a distance of at least three feet, and in the case of any other building a distance of at least fifteen inches, measured at right angles to the slope of the roof, or above the highest part of any flat or gutter, as the case may be: (ii.) Above any turret, dormer, lantern-light, or other erection of combustible materials fixed on the roof or flat of any building within four feet from the party wall, and so as to extend at least twelve inches higher and wider on each side than such erection : (iii.) To a height of twelve inches at the least above such part of any roof as is opposite to and within four feet from the party wall. Page 18 In every case where the eaves of the roof project beyond the face of the building, he shall cause every party wall of such building to be properly corbelled out, in brickwork or stonework, to the full extent of such projection, and to be carried up above the projecting eaves nine inches at the least in thickness to such height as will give, in the case of a building of the warehouse class or of a public building, a distance of at least three feet, and in the case of any other building a distance of at least fifteen inches measured at right angles to the slope of the roof. 27. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause every wall of such building, when carried up above any roof, flat, or gutter, so as to form a parapet, to be properly coped or otherwise protected, in order to prevent water from running down the sides of such parapet, or soaking into any wall. 28. A person who shall erect a new building shall not construct any party wall of such building so that any opening shall be made or left in such wall. 29. A person who shall erect a new building shall not make any recess in any external wall or party wall of such building: (a.) Unless the back of such recess be at the least nine inches thick: (b.) Unless a sufficient arch be turned in every storey over every such recess: (c.) Unless in each storey the aggregate extent of recesses having backs of less thickness than the thickness prescribed by any byelaw in that behalf for the wall in which such recesses are made do not exceed one-half of the extent of the vertical superficies of such wall: (d.) Unless the side of any such recess nearest to the inner face of any return external wall is distant at the least thirteen and a half inches therefrom. 30. A person who shall erect a new building shall not make in any wall of such building any chase which shall be wider than fourteen inches or more than four and a half inches deep from the face of such wall, or shall leave less than nine inches in thickness at the back or opposite side thereof, or which shall be within thirteen and a half inches from any other chase, or within seven feet from any other chase on the same side of such wall, or within thirteen and a half inches from any return wall. 31. A person who shall erect a new building shall not place in any party wall of such building any bond timber, or any plate, block, brick, or plug of wood. Page 19 32. A person who shall erect a new-building shall not place the end of any bressummer, beam, or joist in any party wall of such building, unless the end of such bressummer, beam, or joist be at least four and a half inches distant from the centre line of such party wall. 33. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause every girder to be borne by a sufficient template of stone, iron, terra-cotta, or vitrified stoneware of the full breadth of the girder. 34. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause every bressummer to have a bearing in the direction of its length of four inches at least at each end, on a sufficient pier of brick or stone, or on a storey post of timber or iron fixed on a solid foundation, in addition to its bearing on any party wall; and He shall also, if necessary, cause such bressummer to have such other storey posts, iron columns, stanchions, or piers of brick or stone on a solid foundation under the same as may be sufficient to carry the superstructure. 35. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause the open space inside any partition wall of such building, or between the joists in any wall of such building, to be stopped with brickwork, concrete, pugging, or other incombustible material, at every floor and ceiling. 36. Every person who shall erect a new building shall, except in such case as is hereinafter provided, cause every chimney of such building to be built on solid foundations, and with footings similar to the footings of the wall against which such chimney is built, and to be properly bonded into such wall: Provided, nevertheless, that such person may cause any chimney of such building to be built on sufficient corbels of brick, stone, or other hard and incombustible materials, if the work so corbelled out does not project from the wall more than the thickness of the wall measured immediately below the corbel. 37. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause the inside of every flue of such building to be properly rendered or pargeted as such flue is carried up, unless the whole flue shall be lined with fireproof piping of stoneware at least one inch thick, and unless the spandril angles shall be filled in solid with brickwork or other incombustible material. Such person shall also cause the back or outside of such flue, which shall not be constructed so as to form part of the outer face of an external wall, to be properly rendered in every case B 3 Page 20 where the brickwork of which such back or outside may be constructed is less than nine inches thick. 38. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause every flue in such building which may be intended for use in connection with any furnace, cockle, steam boiler, or close fire, constructed for any purpose of trade, business, or manufacture, or which may be intended for use in connection with any cooking range or cooking apparatus of such building when occupied as a hotel, tavern, or eating-house, to be surrounded with brickwork at least nine inches thick for a distance of ten feet at the least in height from the floor on which such furnace, cockle, Steam boiler, close fire, cooking range, or cooking apparatus may be constructed or placed. 39. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause a sufficient arch of brick or stone, or a sufficient bar of wrought iron, to be built over the opening of every chimney of such building to support the breast of such chimney; and if the breast projects more than four and a half inches from the face of the wall, and the jamb on either side is of less width than thirteen and a half inches, he shall cause the abutments to be tied in by a bar or bars of wrought iron of sufficient strength, eighteen inches longer than the opening, turned up and down at the ends, and built into the jambs on each side. 40. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause the jambs of every chimney of such building to be at least nine inches wide on each side of the opening of such chimney. 41. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause the breast of every chimney of such building, and the brickwork or stonework surrounding every smoke flue and every copper flue of such building, to be at least four and a half inches in thickness. 42. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause the back of any chimney opening in a party wall of any room which may be constructed for occupation as a kitchen to be at least nine inches thick to the height of at least six feet above such chimney opening, and he shall cause such thickness to be continued at the back of the flue. Such person shall cause the back of every other chimney opening in such building, from the hearth up to the height of twelve inches above such opening, to be at least four and a half inches thick if such opening be in an external wall, and nine inches thick if such opening be elsewhere than in an external wall Page 21 43. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause the upper side of every flue of such building, when the course of such flue makes with the horizon an angle of less than forty five degrees, to be at least nine inches in thickness. 44. Every person who shall erect a new building shall construct every arch, upon which any flue may be carried, so that such arch shall be effectually supported by means of a bar or bars of wrought iron of adequate strength. He shall cause every such bar to the extent of four and a half inches to be securely built or pinned into the wall at each end thereof. He shall provide, for every nine inches of the width of the soffit of such arch, one, at the least, of such bars as a means of support for such arch. 45. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause every chimney shaft or smoke flue of such building to be carried up in brickwork or stonework all round, at least four and a half inches thick, to a height of not less than three feet above the roof, flat, or gutter adjoining thereto, measured at the highest point in the line of junction with such roof, flat, or gutter. 46. A person who shall erect a new building shall not cause the brickwork or stonework of any chimney shaft of such building, other than a chimney shaft of the furnace of any steam engine, brewery, distillery, or manufactory, to be built higher above the roof, flat, or gutter adjoining such chimney shaft, measured from the highest point in the line of junction with such roof, flat, or gutter, than a height equal to six times the least width of such chimney shaft at the level of such highest point, unless such chimney shaft shall be built with and bonded to another chimney shaft not in the same line with such first- mentioned chimney shaft, or shall be otherwise made secure. 47. A person who shall erect a new building shall not place any iron holdfast or other metal fastening nearer than two inches to the inside of any flue or chimney opening in such building. 48. A person who shall erect a new building shall not place any timber or woodwork:- (a.) In any wall or chimney breast of such building nearer than nine inches to the inside of any flue or chimney opening: (b.) Under any chimney opening of such building within fifteen inches from the upper surface of the hearth thereof: A person who shall erect a new building shall not drive any wooden plug into any wall or chimney breast of such building Page 22 nearer than six inches to the inside of any flue or chimney opening. 49. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause the face of the brickwork or stonework about any flue or chimney opening of such building, where such face is at a distance of less than two inches from any timber or woodwork, and where the substance of such brickwork or stonework is less than nine inches thick, to be properly rendered. 50. A person who shall erect a new building shall not construct any chimney or flue of such building so as to make or leave in such chimney or flue any opening for the insertion of any ventilating valve, or for any other purpose, unless such opening be at least nine inches distant from any timber or other combustible substance. 51. A person who shall erect a new building shall not fix in such building any pipe for the purpose of conveying smoke or other products of combustion, unless such pipe be so fixed at the distance of nine inches at the least from any combustible substance. 52. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause the flat and roof of such building, and every turret, dormer, lantern-light, skylight, or other erection placed on the flat or roof of such building to be externally covered with slates, tiles, metal, or other incombustible materials, except as regards any door, door frame, window or window frame of any such turret, dormer, lantern-light, skylight, or other erection. He shall also cause every gutter, shoot, or trough in connection with the roof of such building to be constructed of incombustible materials. With respect to the sufficiency of the Space about Buildings to secure a free Circulation of Air, and with respect to the Ventilation of Buildings. 53. Every person who shall erect a new domestic building shall provide in front of such building an open space, which shall be free from any erection thereon above the level of the ground, except any portico, porch, step, or other like projection from such building, or any gate, fence, or wall, not exceeding seven feet in height, and which, measured to the boundary or any lands or premises immediately opposite, or to the opposite side of any street which such building may front, shall, throughout the whole line of frontage of such building, extend to a distance of twenty-four feet at the least; such distance being Page 23 measured in every case at right angles to the external face of any wall of such building which shall front or abut on such open space. A person who shall make any alteration in or addition to such building shall not, by such alteration or addition, diminish the extent of open space provided in pursuance of this byelaw in connection with such building. 54. Every person who shall erect a new domestic building shall provide in the rear of such building an open space exclusively belonging to such building, and of an aggregate extent of no less than one hundred and fifty square feet, and free from any erection thereon above the level of the ground, except a watercloset, earthcloset, or privy, and an ashpit. He shall cause such open space to extend laterally, throughout the entire width of such building, and he shall cause the distance across such open space from every part of such building to the boundary of any lands or premises immediately opposite or adjoining the site of such building, to be not less in any case than ten feet. If the height of such building be fifteen feet he shall cause such distance to be fifteen feet at the least. If the height of such building be twenty-five feet he shall cause such distance to be twenty feet at the least. If the height of such building be thirty-five feet, or exceed thirty-five feet, he shall cause such distance to be twenty-five feet at the least. A person who shall make any alteration in or addition to such building shall not, by such alteration or addition, diminish the aggregate extent of open space provided in pursuance of this byelaw in connection with such building, or in any other respect fail to comply with any provision of this byelaw. For the purposes of this byelaw the height of such building shall be measured upwards from the level of the ground over which such open space shall extend to the level of half the vertical height of the roof or to the top of the parapet, whichever may be the higher. 55. Every person who shall erect a new domestic building shall construct in the wall of each storey of such building which shall immediately front or abut on such open spaces as, in pursuance of the byelaws in that behalf, shall be provided in connection with such building, a sufficient number of suitable windows, in such a manner and in such a position that each of such windows shall afford effectual means of ventilation by direct communication with the external air. Page 24 56. Every person who shall erect a new domestic building shall so construct every room which shall be situated in the lowest storey of such building, and shall be provided with a boarded floor, that there shall be, for the purpose of ventilation, between the under side of every joist on which such floor may be laid, and the upper surface of the asphalte or concrete with which, in pursuance of the byelaw in that behalf, the ground surface or site of such building may be covered, a clear space of three inches at the least in every part, and he shall cause such space to be thoroughly ventilated by means of suit- able and sufficient air-bricks, or by some other effectual method 57. Every person who shall erect a new building shall construct in every habitable room of such building one window, at the least, opening directly into the external air, and he shall cause the total area of such window, or, if there be more than one, of the several windows, clear of the sash frames, to be equal at the least to one-tenth of the floor area of such room. Such person shall also construct every such window so that one-half, at the least, may be opened, and so that the opening may extend in every case to the top of the window. 58. Every person who shall erect a new domestic building shall cause every habitable room of such building which is without a fireplace, and a flue properly constructed and properly connected with such fireplace, to be provided with special and adequate means of ventilation by a sufficient aperture or air shaft which shall provide an unobstructed sectional area of one hundred square inches at the least. 59. Every person who shall erect a new public building shall cause such building to be provided with adequate means of ventilation. With respect to the Drainage of Buildings. 60. Every person who shall erect a new building shall cause the subsoil of the site of such building to be effectually drained by means of suitable earthenware field pipes, properly laid to a suitable outfall, whenever the dampness of the site renders such a precaution necessary. He shall not lay any such pipe in such a manner or such a position as to communicate directly with any sewer or cesspool, or with any drain constructed or adapted to be used for conveying sewage, but shall provide a suitable trap, with a ventilating opening, at a point in the line of the subsoil drain as near as may be practicable to such trap, Page 25 61. Every person who shall erect a new building shall construct the lowest storey of such building at such level as will allow of the construction of a drain sufficient for the effectual drainage of such building, and of the provision of the requisite communication with any sewer into which such drain may lawfully empty, at a point in the upper half diameter of such sewer, or with any other means of drainage with which such drain may lawfully communicate. 62. Every person who shall erect a new building shall, in the construction of every drain of such building, other than a drain constructed in pursuance of the byelaw in that behalf for the drainage of the subsoil of the site of such building, use good sound pipes formed of glazed stoneware, or of other equally suitable material. He shall cause every such drain to be of adequate size, and, if constructed or adapted to be used for conveying sewage, to have an internal diameter not less than four inches, and to be laid in a bed of good concrete, with a proper fall, and with water-tight, socketed, or other suitable joints. He shall not construct any such drain so as to pass under any building, except in any case where any other mode of construc- tion may be impracticable, and in that case he shall cause such drain to be so laid in the ground that there shall be a distance equal at the least to the full diameter thereof between the top of such drain at its highest point and the surface of the ground under such building. He shall also cause such drain to be laid in a direct line for the whole distance beneath such building, and to be completely embedded in and covered with good and solid concrete, at least six inches thick, all round. He shall likewise cause adequate means of ventilation to be provided in connection with such drain at each end of such portion thereof as is beneath such building. He shall cause every inlet to any drain, not being an inlet provided in pursuance of the byelaw in that behalf as an opening for the ventilation of such drain, to be properly rapped. 63. Every person who shall erect a new building shall provide, within the curtilage thereof, in every main drain or other drain of such building which may directly communicate with any sewer or other means of drainage into which such drain may lawfully empty, a suitable trap at a point as distant as may be practicable from such building, and as near as may Page 26 be practicable to the point at which such drain may be connected with such sewer or other means of drainage. 64. A person who shall erect a new building shall not construct the several drains of such building in such a manner as to form in such drains any right-angled junction, either vertical or horizontal. He shall cause every branch drain or tributary drain to join another drain obliquely in the direction of the flow of such drain. 65. Every person who shall erect a new building shall, for the purpose of securing efficient ventilation of the drains of such building, comply with the following requirements:- (i.) He shall provide at least two untrapped openings to the drains, and, in the provision of such openings, he shall adopt such of the two arrangements hereinafter specified as the circumstances of the case may render the more suitable and effectual. (a.) One opening, being at or near the level of the surface of the ground adjoining such opening, shall communicate with the drains by means of a suitable pipe, shaft, or disconnecting chamber, and shall be situated as near as may be practicable to the trap which, in pursuance of the byelaw in that behalf, shall be provided between the main drain or other drain of the building, and the sewer or other means of drainage with which such drain may lawfully communicate. Such opening shall also in every case be situated on that side of the trap which is the nearer to the building. The second opening shall be obtained by carrying up from a point in the drains, as far distant as may be practicable from the point at which the first-mentioned opening shall be situated, a pipe or shaft, vertically, to such a height and in such a manner as effectually to prevent any escape of foul air from such pipe or shaft into any building in the vicinity thereof, and in no case to a less height than ten feet. (b.) In every case where the foregoing arrangement of the openings to the drains may be impracticable, there shall be substituted the arrangement hereinafter prescribed. One opening shall be obtained by carrying up from a point, as near as may be practicable to the trap, which, in pursuance of the byelaw in that behalf, shall be provided between the main drain or other drain of the building and the sewer or other means of drainage with which such drain may lawfully communicate, a pipe, or shaft, vertically, to such a height and in such a manner as effectually to prevent any escape of foul Page 27 air from such pipe or shaft into any building in the vicinity thereof, and in no case to a less height than ten feet. Such opening shall also in every case be situated on that side of the trap which is the nearer to the building. The second opening, being at a point in the drains as far distant as may be practicable from the point at which such last- mentioned pipe or shaft shall be carried up, shall be at or near the level of the surface of the ground adjoining such opening, and shall communicate with the drains by means of a suitable pipe or shaft. (ii.) He shall cause every opening provided in accordance with either of the arrangements hereinbefore specified to be furnished with a suitable grating or other suitable cover for the purpose of preventing any obstruction in or injury to any pipe or drain by the introduction of any substance through any such opening. He shall, in every case, cause such grating or cover to be so constructed and fitted as to secure the free passage of air through such grating or cover by means of a sufficient number of apertures, of which the aggregate extent shall be not less than the sectional area of the pipe or drain to which such grating or cover may be fitted. (iii.) Every pipe or shaft which may be used in connection with either of the arrangements hereinbefore specified shall be of a sectional area not less than that of the drain with which such pipe or shaft may communicate, and not less in any case than the sectional area of a pipe or shaft of the diameter of four inches. (iv.) No bend or angle shall (except where unavoidable) be formed in any pipe or shaft used in connection with either of the arrangements hereinbefore specified. (v.) Provided always, that for the purpose of either of the arrangements hereinbefore specified the soil pipe of any water- closet, in every case where the situation, sectional area, height, and mode of construction of such soil pipe shall be in accordance with the requirements applicable to the pipe or shaft to be carried up from the drains, may be deemed to provide the necessary opening for ventilation which would otherwise be obtained by means of such last-mentioned pipe or shaft. 66. A person who shall erect a new building shall not construct any drain of such building in such a manner as to allow any inlet to such drain (except such inlet as may be necessary from the apparatus of any water-closet) to be made within such building. He shall cause the soil pipe from every water-closet in such Page 28 building to be at least four inches in diameter, and to be fixed outside such building, and to be continued upwards without diminution of its diameter, and (except where unavoidable) without any bend or angle being formed in such soil pipe to such a height and in such a position as to afford, by means of the open end of such soil pipe, a safe outlet for sewer air. He shall so construct such soil pipe that there shall not be any trap between such soil pipe and the drains, or any trap (other than such as may necessarily form part of the apparatus of any water-closet) in any part of such soil pipe. He shall also cause the waste pipe from every bath, sink (not being a slop sink constructed or adapted to be used for receiving any solid or liquid filth), or lavatory, the overflow pipe from any cistern and from every safe under any bath or water-closet, and every pipe in such building for carrying off waste water to be taken through an external wall of such building, and to discharge in the open air over a channel leading to a trapped gully grating at least eighteen inches distant. He shall, as regards the mode of construction of the waste pipe from any slop sink constructed or adapted to be used for receiving within such building any solid or liquid filth, comply in all respects with such of the provisions of this byelaw as are applicable to the soil pipe from a water-closet. With respect to Water-closets, Earth-closets, Privies, Ashpits, and Cesspools in connection with Buildings. 67. Every person who shall construct a water-closet or earth- closet in a building shall construct such water-closet or earth- closet in such a position that one of its sides at the least shall be an external wall. 68. Every person who shall construct a water-closet or earth- closet in connection with a building, whether the situation of such water-closet or earth-closet be or be not within such building, shall construct in one of the walls of such water-closet or earth-closet a window of not less dimensions than two feet by one foot, exclusive of the frame, and opening directly into the external air. He shall, in addition to such window, cause such water-closet or earth-closet to be provided with adequate means of constant ventilation by at least one air-brick built in an external wall of such water-closet or earth-closet, or by an air shaft, or by some other effectual method or appliance. 69. Every person who shall construct a water-closet in connection Page 29 with a building shall furnish such water-closet with a separate cistern, service box, or flushing box, of adequate capa- city, which shall be so constructed, fitted and placed as to admit of the supply of water for use in such water-closet with out any direct connection between any service pipe upon the premises and any part of the apparatus of such water-closet, other than such cistern, service box, or flushing box. He shall furnish such water-closet with a suitable apparatus for the effectual application of water to any pan, basin, or other receptacle with which such apparatus may be connected and used, and for the effectual flushing and cleansing of such pan, basin, or other receptacle, and for the prompt and effectual removal therefrom of any solid or liquid filth which may from time to time be deposited therein. He shall furnish such water-closet with a pan, basin, or other suitable receptacle of non-absorbent material, and of such shape, of such capacity, and of such mode of construction as to receive and contain a sufficient quantity of water, and to allow all filth which may from time to time be deposited in such pan, basin, or receptacle to fall free of the sides thereof, and directly into the water received and contained in such pan, basin, or receptacle. He shall not construct or fix under such pan, basin, or receptacle, any "container" or other similar fitting. He shall not construct or fix in or in connection with the water-closet apparatus any trap of the kind known as a "D" trap. 70. Every person who shall construct an earth-closet in connection with a building shall furnish such earth-closet with a reservoir or receptacle, of suitable construction and of adequate capacity, for dry earth or other deodorizing substance, and he shall construct and fix such reservoir or receptacle in such a manner and in such a position as to admit of ready access to such reservoir or receptacle for the purpose of depositing therein the necessary supply of dry earth or other deodorizing substance. He shall construct or fix in connection with such reservoir or receptacle suitable means or apparatus for the frequent and effectual application of a sufficient quantity of dry earth or other deodorizing substance to any filth which may from time to time be deposited in any pan, pit, or other receptacle for filth constructed, fitted, or used in or in connection with such earth-closet. 71. Every person who shall construct an earth-closet in con- Page 30 nection with a building, and shall provide in or in connection with such earth-closet a fixed receptacle for filth, shall construct or fix such receptacle in such a manner and in such a position as to admit of the frequent and effectual application of a sufficient quantity of dry earth or other deodorizing substance to any filth which may from time to time be deposited in such receptacle, and in such a manner and in such a position as to admit of ready access to such receptacle for the purpose of re- moving the contents thereof. He shall not construct such receptacle of a capacity greater than may be sufficient to contain such filth and dry earth or other deodorizing substance as may be deposited therein during a period not exceeding three months, or in any case of a capacity exceeding forty cubic feet. He shall construct such receptacle of such material or ma- terials, and in such a manner, as to prevent any absorption by any part of such receptacle of any filth deposited therein, or any escape, by leakage or otherwise, of any part of the contents of such receptacle. He shall construct or fix such receptacle so that the bottom or floor thereof shall be at least six inches above the level of the surface of the ground immediately adjoining the earth-closet, and so that the contents of such receptacle may not at any time be exposed to any rainfall or to the drainage of any waste water or liquid refuse from any adjoining premises. 72. Every person who shall construct an earth-closet in connection with a building, and shall provide in or in connection with such earth-closet a movable receptacle for filth, shall construct such earth-closet so that the position and mode of fitting of such receptacle may admit of the frequent and effectual application of a sufficient quantity of dry earth or other deodorizing substance to any filth which may from time to time be deposited in such receptacle, and may also admit of ready access to that part of the earth-closet in which such receptacle may be placed or fitted, and of the convenient removal of such receptacle or of the contents thereof. He shall also construct such earth-closet so that the contents of such receptacle may not at any time be exposed to any rainfall or to the drainage of any waste water or liquid refuse from any adjoining premises. 73. Every person who shall construct a privy in connection with a building shall construct such privy at a distance of six feet at the least from a dwelling-house or public building, or any Page 31 building in which any person may be or may be intended to be employed in any manufacture, trade, or business. 74. A person who shall construct a privy in connection with a building shall not construct such privy within the distance of thirty feet from any water supplied for use, or used or likely to be used by man for drinking or domestic purposes, or for manufacturing drinks for the use of man, or otherwise in such a position as to endanger the pollution of any such water. 75. Every person who shall construct a privy in connection with a building shall construct such privy in such a manner and in such a position as to afford ready means of access to such privy, for the purpose of cleansing such privy and of removing filth therefrom, and in such a manner and in such a position as to admit of all filth being removed from such privy, and from the premises to which such privy may belong, without being carried through any dwelling-house or public building, or any building in which any person may be, or may be intended to be employed in any manufacture, trade, or business. 76. Every person who shall construct a privy in connection with a building shall provide such privy with a sufficient opening for ventilation as near to the top as practicable, and communicating directly with the external air. He shall cause the floor of such privy to be flagged or paved with hard tiles or other non-absorbent material, and he shall construct such floor so that it shall be in every part thereof at a height of not less than six inches above the level of the surface of the ground adjoining such privy, and so that such floor shall have a fall or inclination towards the door of such privy of half an inch to the foot. 77. Every person who shall construct a privy in connection with a building, and shall construct such privy for use in combination with a movable receptacle for filth, shall construct over the whole area of the space immediately beneath the seat of such privy a flagged or asphalted floor, at a height of not less than three inches above the level of the surface of the ground adjoining such privy; and he shall cause the whole extent of each side of such space between the floor and the seat to be constructed of flagging, slate, or good brickwork at least nine inches thick, and rendered in good cement, or asphalted. He shall construct the seat of such privy, the aperture in such seat, and the space beneath such seat, of such dimensions as to admit of a movable receptacle for filth of a capacity not exceeding two cubic feet being placed and fitted beneath such Page 32 Seat in such a manner and in such a position as may effectually prevent the deposit, upon the floor or sides of the space beneath such seat, or elsewhere than in such receptacle, of any filth which may from time to time fall or be cast through the aper ture in such seat. He shall construct the seat of such privy so that the whole of such seat, or a sufficient part thereof, may be readily removed or adjusted in such a manner as to afford adequate access to the space beneath such seat for the purpose of cleansing such space, or of removing therefrom or placing and fitting therein the appropriate receptacle for filth. 78. Every person who shall construct a privy in connection with a building, and shall construct such privy for use in combination with a fixed receptacle for filth, shall construct or fix in or in connection with such privy suitable means or apparatus for the frequent and effectual application of ashes, dust, or dry refuse to any filth which may from time to time be deposited in such receptacle. He shall construct such receptacle so that the contents thereof may not at any time be exposed to any rainfall or the drainage of any waste water or liquid refuse from any adjoining premises. He shall construct such receptacle of such material or materials and in such manner as to prevent any absorption by any part of such receptacle of any filth deposited therein, or any escape, by leakage or otherwise, of any part of the contents of such receptacle. He shall construct such privy so that the bottom or floor thereof shall be in every part at least three inches above the level of the surface of the ground adjoining such privy. He shall not in any case construct such receptacle of a capacity exceeding eight cubic feet. He shall construct the seat of such privy so that the whole of such seat, or a sufficient part thereof, may be readily removed or adjusted in such a manner as to afford adequate access to such receptacle for the purpose of removing the contents thereof, and of cleansing such receptacle, or shall otherwise provide in or in connection with such privy adequate means of access to such receptacle for the purpose aforesaid. 79. A person who shall construct a privy in connection with a building shall not cause or suffer any part of the space under the seat of such privy, or any part of any receptacle for filth in or in connection with such privy, to communicate with any drain. Page 33 80. Every person who shall construct an ashpit in connection with a building shall construct such ashpit at a distance of six feet at the least from a dwelling-house or public building, or any building in which any person may be, or may be intended to be, employed in any manufacture, trade, or business. 81. A person who shall construct an ashpit in connection with a building shall not construct such ashpit within the distance of thirty feet from any water supplied for use, or used or likely to be used, by man for drinking or domestic purposes, or for manufacturing drinks for the use of man, or otherwise in such a position as to endanger the pollution of any such water. 82. Every person who shall construct an ashpit in connection with a building shall construct such ashpit in such a manner and in such a position as to afford ready means of access to such ashpit for the purpose of cleansing such ashpit, and of removing the contents thereof, and, so far as may be practicable, in such a manner and in such a position as to admit of the contents of such ashpit being removed therefrom, and from the premises to which such ashpit may belong, without being carried through any dwelling-house or public building, or any building in which any person may be, or may be intended to be employed in any manufacture, trade, or business. 83. Every person who shall construct an ashpit in connection with a building shall construct such ashpit of a capacity not exceeding in any case six cubic feet, or of such less capacity as may be sufficient to contain all dust, ashes, rubbish, and dry refuse which may accumulate during a period not exceeding one week upon the premises to which such ashpit may belong. 84. Every person who shall construct an ashpit in connection with a building shall construct such ashpit with flagging, or of slate, or of good brick-work, at least nine inches thick, and rendered inside with good cement, or properly asphalted. He shall construct such ashpit so that the floor thereof shall be at a height of not less than three inches above the surface of the ground adjoining such ashpit, and he shall cause such floor to be properly flagged or asphalted. He shall cause such ashpit to be properly roofed over and ventilated, and to be furnished with a suitable door in such a position and so constructed and fitted as to admit of the convenient removal of the contents of such ashpit, and to admit of being securely closed and fastened for the effectual prevention of the escape of any of the contents of such ashpit. Page 34 85. A person who shall construct an ashpit in connection with a building shall not cause or suffer any part of such ashpit to communicate with any drain. 86. Every person who shall construct a cesspool in connection with a building shall construct such cesspool at a distance of fifty feet at the least from a dwelling house or public building, or any building in which any person may be, or may be intended to be, employed in any manufacture, trade or business. 87. A person who shall construct a cesspool in connection with a building shall not construct such cesspool within the distance of fifty feet from any water supplied for use, or used or likely to be used by man for drinking or domestic purposes, or for manufacturing drinks for the use of man. or otherwise in such a position as to endanger the pollution of any such water. 88. Every person who shall construct a cesspool in connection with a building shall construct such cesspool in such a manner and in such a position as to afford ready means of access to such cesspool for the purpose of cleansing such cesspool, and of removing the contents thereof, and in such a manner and in such a position as to admit of the contents of such cesspool being removed therefrom, and from the premises to which such cesspool may belong, without being carried through any dwelling- house or public building, or any building in which any person may be, or may be intended to be, employed in any manufacture, trade, or business. He shall not in any case construct such cesspool so that it shall have, by drain or otherwise, any outlet into or means of communication with any sewer. 89. Every person who shall construct a cesspool in connection with a building shall construct such cesspool of good brickwork in cement properly rendered inside with cement, and with a backing of at least nine inches of well puddled clay around and beneath such brickwork. He shall also cause such cesspool to be arched or otherwise properly covered over, and to be provided with adequate means of ventilation. With respect to the Closing of Buildings or Parts of Buildings unfit for Human Habitation, and to Prohibition of their Use for such Habitation. 90. ]n every case:- Where, by a notice in writing in the form hereunto appended, or to the like effect, and signed by the clerk to the Sanitary Page 35 Authority, and duly served upon and delivered to the owner of a building or part of a building erected after the constitution of the district, the Sanitary Authority shall certify that it has been represented to them that such building or part of a building is unfit for human habitation, and that, unless on or before such day as shall be specified in such notice, such owner, by a statement in writing under his hand or under the hand of his agent duly authorized in that behalf, and addressed to and duly served upon or delivered to the Sanitary Authority, shall show sufficient cause why such building or part of a building shall not be declared unfit for human habitation, or unless, on such day and at such time and place as shall be specified in such notice, such owner personally or by his agent duly authorized in that behalf shall attend before the Sanitary Authority and show sufficient cause why such building or part of a building shall not be declared unfit for human habitation, the Sanitary Authority will declare such building or part of a building unfit for human habitation, and direct that such building or part of a building shall be closed, and prohibit the use for human habitation of such building or part of a building until the same shall have been rendered fit for human habitation: And where such owner shall fail to show sufficient cause why such building or part of a building shall not be declared unfit for human habitation, and where, in consequence of such failure, the Sanitary Authority by their order, which shall be in. writing under their seal in the form hereunto appended, or to the like effect, and shall be duly signed by their clerk, and which or a copy of which shall be affixed in some conspicuous position in or upon such building or part of a building, may declare that such building or part of a building is unfit for human habitation, and may direct that, unless and until such building or part of a building shall have been rendered fit for human habitation, the same shall be closed, and the use thereof for human habitation shall be prohibited: A person shall not, after the date specified in such order and before such building or part of a building shall have been rendered fit for human habitation, knowingly inhabit or continue to inhabit, or knowingly cause or suffer to be inhabited, such building or part of a building. Page 36 FORM OF NOTICE. District of_____________________ To of WHEREAS by a statement in writing under the hand of Medical Officer of Health (or Surveyor) of the Sanitary Authority for the District of , of which statement a copy is contained in the schedule hereunto annexed, it has been certified to the said Sanitary Authority that a certain building or part of a building situate at in the said district is unfit for human habitation. And whereas it has been shown to the said Sanitary Authority that you are the owner of such building or part of a building ; Now, I, , clerk to the said Sanitary Authority, do hereby give you notice that, unless on or before the day of 18 , by a statement in writing under your hand or under the hand of an agent duly authorized by you in that behalf, and addressed to and duly served upon or delivered to the said Sanitary Authority, you shall show to the said Sanitary Authority sufficient cause why such building or part of a building shall not be declared unfit for human habitation; Or unless you shall attend either personally or by an agent duly authorized in that behalf before the said Sanitary Authority at their office in on day, the day of 18 , at o'clock in the noon, and shall then and there show to the Sanitary Authority sufficient cause why such building or part of a building shall not be declared unfit for human habitation; The said Sanitary Authority, in pursuance of the powers conferred upon them in that behalf, will, by an order in writing under their seal, declare that such building or part of a building is unfit for human habitation, and direct that, unless and until such building or part of a building shall have been rendered fit for human habitation, the same shall be closed, and the use thereof for human habitation shall be prohibited. Witness my hand this day of in the year one thousand eight hundred and ------------------- Clerk to the Sanitary Authority. Page 37 SCHEDULE. Copy of Certificate. FORM ORDER. District of________________________ To , of ,and to all others whom it may concern: WHEREAS it has been certified to us, the Sanitary Authority for the district of , that a certain building or part of a building situate at in the said district is unfit for human habitation; And whereas due notice of such certificate has been given to , the owner of such building or part of a building, and the said has failed to show sufficient cause why such building or part of a building shall not be declared unfit for human habitation; Now we, the said Sanitary Authority, in pursuance of the powers conferred upon us in that behalf, do hereby declare that such building or part of a building is unfit for human habitation; and we do hereby direct that, unless and until such building or part of a building shall have been rendered fit for human habitation, the same shall be closed, and the use thereof for human habitation shall be prohibited. |---------| Given under the common seal of the Sanitary | | Authority for the district of | L.S. | , this day of | | , in the year one thousand |---------| eight hundred and -------------------------------- Clerk to the Sanitary Authority. As to the giving of Notices, Deposit of Plans and Sections by Persons intending to lay out Streets or to construct Buildings; as to Inspection by the Sanitary Authority; and as to the. Power of such Authority to remove, alter, or pull down any Work begun or done in contravention of the Byelaws. 91. Every person who shall intend to lay out a street shall give to the Sanitary Authority notice in writing of such intention, Page 38 which shall be delivered or sent to their clerk at his or their office, or to their surveyor at his or their office, and shall at the same time deliver or send, or cause to be delivered or sent, to their clerk at his or their office, or to their surveyor at his or their office, a plan and sections of such intended street, drawn to a scale of not less than one inch to every forty-four feet. Such person shall show on every such plan the names of the owners of the land through or over which such street shall be intended to pass, the intended level and width, the points of the compass, the intended mode of construction, the intended name of such street and its intended position in relation to the streets nearest thereto, the size and number of the intended building lots, and the intended sites, height, class, and nature of the buildings to be erected therein, and the intended height of the division and fence walls thereon, and the name and address of the person intending to lay out such street. Such person shall sign such plan, or cause the same to be signed by his duly authorized agent. Such person shall show on every such section the levels of the present surface of the ground above some known datum, the intended level and rate or rates of inclination of the intended street, the level and inclinations of the streets with which it is intended that such street shall be connected, and the intended level of the lowest floors of the intended buildings. 92. Every person who shall intend to erect a building shall give to the Sanitary Authority notice in writing of such intention, which shall be delivered or sent to their clerk at his or their office, or to their surveyor at his or their office, and shall at the same time deliver or send, or cause to be delivered or sent to their clerk at his or their office, or to their surveyor at his or their office, complete plans and sections of every floor of such intended building, which shall be drawn to a scale of not less than one inch to every eight feet, and shall show the position, form, and dimensions of the several parts of such building, and of every water-closet, earth-closet, privy, ashpit, cesspool, well, and all other appurtenances. Such person shall at the same time deliver or send, or cause to be delivered or sent, to the clerk to the Sanitary Authority at his or their office, or to their surveyor at his or their office, a description in writing of the materials of which it is intended that such building shall be constructed, and of the intended mode of drainage and means of water supply. Such person shall at the same time deliver or send, or cause to be delivered or sent, to the clerk to the Sanitary Authority at Page 39 his or their office, or to their surveyor at his or their office, a block plan of such building which shall be drawn to a scale of not less than one inch to every forty-four feet, and shall show the position of the buildings and appurtenances of the properties immediately adjoining, the width and level of the street in front, and of the street, if any, at the rear of such building, the level of the lowest floor of such building, and of any yard or ground belonging thereto. Such person shall likewise show on such plan the intended lines of drainage of such building, and the intended size, depth, and inclination of each drain; and the details of the arrangement proposed to be adopted for the ventilation of drains. 93. Every person who shall intend to layout or construct a street, or to erect a building, or otherwise to execute any work to which any of the byelaws relating to new streets and buildings may apply, shall before beginning to lay out or construct such street, or to erect such building, or to execute such work, deliver or send, or cause to be delivered or sent to the surveyor of the Sanitary Authority at his or their office, notice in writing, in which shall be specified the date on which such person will begin to lay out or to construct such street, or to erect such building, or to execute such work. Such person shall also, before proceeding to cover up any sewer or drain, or any foundation of a building, deliver or send, or cause to be delivered or sent, to the surveyor of the Sanitary Authority at his or their office notice in writing, in which shall be specified the date on which such person will proceed to cover up such sewer, drain, or foundation. If such person neglect or refuse to deliver or send any such notice, or to cause any such notice to be delivered or sent to such surveyor, and if such surveyor, on inspecting any work in connection with such street or building, or such other work as aforesaid, finds that such work is so far advanced that he cannot ascertain whether anything required by any byelaw relating to new streets or buildings has been done contrary to such byelaw, or whether anything required by such byelaw to be done has been omitted to be done, and if, within a reasonable time after such survey or inspection, such person shall, by notice in writing under the hand of such surveyor, be required, within a reasonable time which shall be specified in such notice, to cause so much of such work as prevents such surveyor from ascertaining whether anything has been done or omitted to be done as aforesaid to be cut into, laid open, or pulled down to a sufficient extent to enable such surveyor to ascertain whether anything Page 40 has been done or omitted to be done as aforesaid, such person shall within the time specified in such notice cause such work to be so cut into, laid open, or pulled down. 94. In every case:- Where a person who shall lay out or construct a street, or shall erect a building, or shall execute any other work to which the byelaws relating to new streets and buildings may apply, shall, at any reasonable time during the progress or after the completion of the laying out or construction of such street, or the erection of such building, or the execution of such work, receive from the surveyor of the Sanitary Authority notice in writing specifying any matters in respect of which the laying out or construction of such street, the erection of such building, or the execution of such work may be in contravention of any byelaw relating to new streets or buildings, and requiring such person within a reasonable time, which shall be specified in such notice, to cause anything done contrary to any such byelaw to be amended, or to do any thing which by such byelaw may be required to be done but which has been omitted to be done: Such person shall, within the time specified in such notice, comply with the several requirements thereof so far as such requirements relate to matters in respect of which the laying out or construction of such street, the erection of such building, or the execution of such work may be in contravention of any such byelaw. Such person, within a reasonable time after the completion of any work which may have been executed in accordance with any such requirement, shall deliver or send, or cause to be delivered or sent to the surveyor of the Sanitary Authority at his or their office notice in writing of the completion of such work, and shall, at all reasonable times within a period of seven days after such notice shall have been so delivered or sent, afford such surveyor free access to such work for the purpose of inspection. 95. Every person who shall lay out or construct a street, or shall erect a building, or shall execute any other work to which any of me byelaws relating to new streets and buildings shall apply, shall, at all reasonable times, during the laying out or construction of such street, or the erection of such building, or the execution of such work, afford the surveyor of the Sanitary Authority free access to such street, building, or work, for the purpose of inspection. Page 41 96. Every person who shall lay out or construct a street shall, within a reasonable time after the completion of the laying out or construction of such street, deliver or send, or cause to be delivered or sent, to the surveyor of the Sanitary Authority, at his or their office, notice in writing of the completion of the laying out or construction of such street, and shall, at all reasonable times, within a period of seven days after such notice shall have been so delivered or sent, afford such surveyor free access to such street for the purpose of inspection. 97. Every person who shall erect a building shall, within a reasonable time after the completion of the erection of such building, deliver or send or cause to be delivered or sent to the surveyor of the Sanitary Authority, at his or their office, notice in writing of the completion of the erection of such building, and shall, at all reasonable times, within a period of seven days after such notice shall have been so delivered or sent, and before such building shall be occupied, afford such surveyor free access to every part of such building for the purpose of inspection. 98. Every person who shall offend against any of the foregoing byelaws shall be liable for every such offence to a penalty of forty shillings, and in the case of a continuing offence to a further penalty of forty shillings for each day after written notice of the offence from the Sanitary Authority. Provided, nevertheless, that the justices or court before whom any complaint may be made or any proceedings may be taken in respect of any such offence may, if they think fit, adjudge the payment as a penalty of any sum less than the full amount of the penalty imposed by this byelaw. 99. If any work to which any of the byelaws relating to new streets and buildings may apply be begun or done in contravention of any such byelaw, the person by whom such work shall be so begun or done, by a notice in writing, which shall be signed by the clerk to the Sanitary Authority, and shall be duly served upon or delivered to such person, shall be required on or before such day as shall be specified in such notice by a statement in writing under his hand or under the hand of an agent duly authorized in that behalf, and addressed to and duly served upon the Sanitary Authority, to show sufficient cause why such work shall not be removed, altered, or pulled down; or shall be required on such day and at such time and place as shall be specified in such notice to attend personally or by an agent duly authorized in that behalf before the Sanitary Authority and Page 42 show sufficient cause why such work shall not be removed, altered, or pulled down. If such person shall fail to show sufficient cause why such work shall not be removed, altered or pulled down, the Sanitary Authority shall be empowered, subject to any statutory provision in that behalf, to remove, alter, or pull down such work. SEALED with the Common Seal |-----------------| of the Local Board, for the District | Wirksworth | of Wirksworth, at a meeting held on | Local Board and | the Third day of December, One | Urban Sanitary | thousand eight hundred and seventy- | Authority | nine |-----------------| (Signed) P. HUBBERSTY, Chairman. (Countersigned) J. F. KINGDON, Clerk. ALLOWED by the Local Govern |------------------| ment Board this Eighth day of | Seal of the | December, One thousand eight | Local Government | hundred and seventy-nine | Board | |------------------| G. SCLATER-BOOTH, President. JOHN LAMBERT, Secretary. Page 43

    BYELAWS

    MADE BY THE LOCAL BOARD FOR THE DISTRICT
    OF WIRKSWORTH, ACTING AS THE URBAN
    SANITARY AUTHORITY, WITH RESPECT TO

    COMMON LODGING-HOUSES.

    For fixing and from time to time varying the Number of Lodgers who may be received into a Common Lodging-house, and for the separation of the Sexes therein; and For promoting cleanliness and ventilation in such Houses; and For the giving of Notices and the taking Precautions in the case of any Infections Disease; and Generally for the well-ordering of such Houses. Interpretation of Terms. [Throughout these Byelaws the expression "The Sanitary Authority" means the Local Board for the District of Wirksworth acting as the Urban Sanitary Authority; and the expression " the District" means the Urban Sanitary District of Wirksworth.] 1. A keeper of a common lodging-house shall not at any one time receive, or cause or suffer to be received into such house, or into any room therein, a greater number of lodgers than shall be fixed by the Sanitary Authority as the maximum number of lodgers authorized to be received into such house, or into such room, and shall be specified in a notice in writing, according to the form hereinafter prescribed, which shall be duly served upon or delivered to such keeper, and shall continue in force until, in pursuance of the provisions of the byelaw in that behalf, the number so fixed and specified shall be varied by the Sanitary Authority. Page 44 Form of Notice. To of WHEREAS, in pursuance of the statutory provision in that behalf, you have been duly registered by the Sanitary Authority for the district of , as the keeper of a common lodging-house, situated at , in the said district: Now I, , clerk to the said Sanitary Authority, do hereby give you notice that, in the exercise of the powers conferred upon them in that behalf, the said Sanitary Authority have fixed as the maximum number of lodgers authorized to be received at any one time into such house, and into the several rooms therein, the number specified in respect of such house and of each of such rooms in the Schedule hereunto appended. SCHEDULE. District of Common lodging-house, situated at Name of keeper The maximum number of lodgers authorized to be received at any one time into each of the several rooms in this house is the number specified in respect of such room in the appropriate column of the following table:-

     --------------|------------|----------------|---------
                   |Description |Dimensions or   |Maximum  
        -----      |or number of|cubical contents|number of
                   |room        |of room         |lodgers  
     --------------|------------|----------------|---------
     Ground Storey |            |                |         
     --------------|------------|----------------|---------
     First Storey  |            |                |         
     --------------|------------|----------------|---------
     Second Storey |            |                |         
     --------------|------------|----------------|---------
     Topmost Storey|            |                |         
     --------------|------------|----------------|---------
    

    For the purposes of this notice every two children under the age of ten years may be counted as one lodger. Witness my hand this day of 18 Clerk to the Sanitary Authority. Page 45 2. A keeper of a common lodging-house, in any case where the Sanitary Authority may, from time to time, determine that it is expedient to vary the number fixed by them as the maximum number of lodgers authorized to be received into such house, or into any room therein, and may from time to time, for the purpose of such variation, caused to be duly served upon or delivered to such keeper a notice in writing according to the form hereinafter prescribed, shall not, at any one time, after any such notice shall have been duly served upon or delivered to him, and after the date specified in such notice, and until, in pursuance of the provisions of this byelaw, the number specified in such notice shall be further varied, receive, or cause or suffer to be received into such house, or into any room therein, a greater number of lodgers than shall be specified in such notice as the maximum number of lodgers authorized to be received into such house, or into such room. Form of Notice. To of WHEREAS, in pursuance of the statutory provision in that behalf, you have been duly registered by the Sanitary Authority for the district of as the keeper of a common lodging-house, situated at , in the said district: And whereas the said Sanitary Authority have determined that it is expedient to vary the number heretofore fixed by them as the maximum number of lodgers authorized to be received at any one time into such house and into the several rooms therein: Now I, , clerk to the said Sanitary Authority, do hereby give you notice that from and after the day of , the maximum number of lodgers authorized to be received at any one time into such house and into the several rooms therein shall be the number specified in respect of such house and of each of such rooms in the Schedule hereunto appended. SCHEDULE. District of Common lodging-house, situated at Name of keeper The maximum number of lodgers authorized to be received at one time into this house is Page 46 The maximum number of lodgers authorized to be received at any one time into each of the several rooms in this house is the number specified in respect of such room in the appropriate column of the following table :

     --------------|------------|----------------|---------
                   |Description |Dimensions or   |Maximum  
        -----      |or number of|cubical contents|number of
                   |room        |of room         |lodgers  
     --------------|------------|----------------|---------
     Ground Storey |            |                |         
     --------------|------------|----------------|---------
     First Storey  |            |                |         
     --------------|------------|----------------|---------
     Second Storey |            |                |         
     --------------|------------|----------------|---------
     Topmost Storey|            |                |         
     --------------|------------|----------------|---------
    

    For the purposes of this notice every two children under the age of ten years may be counted as one lodger. Witness my hand this day of 18 ----------------------------------- Clerk to the Sanitary Authority. 3. A keeper of a common lodging-house shall not, except in such cases as are hereinafter specified, cause or suffer any person of the male sex above the age of ten years to use or occupy any room which may be used or occupied as a sleeping apartment by persons of the female sex. Such keeper shall not, except in such cases as are hereinafter specified, cause or suffer any person of the female sex to use or occupy any room which may be used or occupied as a sleeping apartment by persons of the male sex above the age of ten years: Provided that this byelaw shall not be taken to prohibit the use and occupation by a husband and wife of any room which may not be used or occupied by any other person of either sex above the age of ten years, or which may be used, in accordance with the provisions of the byelaw in that behalf, as a sleeping apartment for two or more married couples. 4. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall cause every room therein which may be appointed for use and occupation as a sleeping apartment by two or more married couples to be so furnished or fitted that every bed, when in use and occupa- Page 47 tion, shall be effectually screened from the view of any occupant of any other bed, by means of a partition of wood or other solid material, which shall be constructed and fixed or placed so as to allow adequate means of access to the bed which such partition is intended to screen, and so as to extend upwards throughout the whole length and breadth of such bed to a sufficient height above such bed, and downwards to a distance of not more than six inches above the level of the floor. 5. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall cause every yard, area, forecourt, or other open space within the curtilage of the premises to be maintained at all times in good order, and to be thoroughly cleansed, from time to time, as often as may be reasonably necessary for the purpose of keeping such yard, area, forecourt, or other open space in a clean and wholesome condition. 6. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall cause the floor of every room or passage and every stair in such house to be thoroughly swept once at least in every day, before the hour of ten in the forenoon, and to be thoroughly washed once at least in every week. 7. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall cause every window, every fixture or fitting of wood, stone, or metal, and every painted surface in such house to be thoroughly cleansed, from time to time, as often as shall be requisite. 8. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall cause all bed-clothes and bedding, and every bedstead used in such house, to be thoroughly cleansed, from time to time, as often as shall be requisite for the purpose of keeping such bed-clothes, bedding, and bedstead in a clean and wholesome condition. 9. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall, for the use of the lodgers received into such house, cause to be provided a sufficient number of basins, or other receptacles for water, of adequate capacity and suitably placed, and a sufficient supply of water and a sufficient number of towels for use in connection with such basins or other receptacles. He shall cause such basins or receptacles to be kept clean and in good order, and the supply of towels to be renewed, from time to time, as often as may be requisite. 10. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall cause all solid or liquid filth or refuse to be removed once at least in every day before the hour of ten in the forenoon from every room in such house, and shall once at least in every day cause Page 48 every vessel, utensil, or other receptacle for such filth or refuse to be thoroughly cleansed. 11. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall cause the seat, floor, and walls of every water-closet, earth-closet, or privy belonging to such house to be thoroughly cleansed from time to time, as often as may be necessary, for the purpose of keeping such seat, floor, and walls in a clean and wholesome condition. 12. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall cause every part of the structure of every water-closet belonging to such house to be maintained at all times in good order, and every part of the apparatus of such water-closet and every drain or means of drainage with which such water-closet may communicate to be maintained at all times in good order and efficient action. 13. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall cause every earth-closet or privy belonging to such house, and every receptacle for filth provided or used in connection with such earth-closet or privy to be maintained at all times in good order and in a wholesome condition. He shall cause all such means or apparatus as may be provided or used in or in connection with such earth-closet or privy and such receptacle, for the frequent and effectual application of dry earth, or other deodorizing substance, to any filth deposited in such receptacle, to be maintained at all times in good order and efficient action. He shall cause a sufficient supply of such dry earth or other deodorizing substance to be from time to time provided for use in such earth-closet, privy, or receptacle for filth, and shall cause such dry earth or other deodorizing substance to be frequently and effectually applied to such filth, or he shall cause such dry earth, or other deodorizing substance, as may from time to time be supplied to such house, in pursuance of the statutory provision in that behalf by the Sanitary Authority or by any person with whom they may contract for the purpose, to be frequently and effectually applied to such filth. 14. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall cause every ash-pit belonging to such house to be maintained at all limes in good order and in a wholesome condition. He shall not cause or suffer any filth or wet refuse to be thrown into any ash-pit constructed and adapted for use only as a receptacle for ashes, dust, and dry refuse. Page 49 15. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall cause all such means of ventilation as may be provided in or in connection with any room or passage in such house and in or in connection with any water-closet, earth-closet, or privy belonging to such house, to [be maintained at all times in good order and efficient action. 16. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall, except in such cases as are hereinafter specified, cause every window in every room in such house which may be appointed for use and occupation as a sleeping apartment to be opened and to be kept fully open for one hour at least in the forenoon, and for one hour at least in the afternoon of every day; Provided that such keeper shall not be required, in pursuance of this byelaw, to cause any such window to be opened or to be kept open at any time when the state of the weather is such as to render it necessary that the window should be closed, or when any bed in such room may be occupied by any lodger in consequence of sickness or of other sufficient cause. 17. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall cause the bed-clothes of every bed in such house to be removed from such bed as soon as conveniently may be after such bed shall have been vacated by any lodger, and shall cause all such bedclothes and the bed from which such bed-clothes may have been removed to be freely exposed to the air for one hour at least in the forenoon, or for one hour at least in the afternoon of every day. 18. Every keeper of a common-lodging house, immediately after he shall have been informed or shall have ascertained that any lodger in such house is ill of any infectious disease, shall adopt all such precautions as may be necessary to prevent the spread of such infectious disease. Such keeper shall not, at any time while such lodger is suffering from such infectious disease, cause or allow any other person, except the wife or any other relative of such lodger, or except a person voluntarily in attendance on such lodger, to use or occupy the same room as such lodger. Where, in pursuance of the statutory provision in that behalf, the Sanitary Authority may order the removal of such lodger to a hospital or other place for the reception of the sick, such keeper, on being informed of such order, shall forthwith take all such steps as may be requisite on his part to secure the safe and prompt removal of such lodger in compliance with the order of the Sanitary Authority, and shall, in and about such D Page 50 removal, adopt all such precautions as, in accordance with any instructions which he may receive from the Medical Officer of Health, may be most suitable for the circumstances of the case. Where, inconsequence of the illness of such lodger, there may be reasonable grounds for apprehending the spread of infection, through the admission of lodgers to any room or rooms in such house, or through the admission to such room or rooms of the maximum number of lodgers authorized to be received therein, such keeper, after being furnished with the necessary instructions from the Medical Officer of Health, and until the grounds for apprehending the spread of infection shall have been removed, shall cease to receive any lodger in such room or rooms, or shall receive therein such number of lodgers, being less than the maximum number, as the exigencies of the case may require. Such keeper shall, immediately after the death, removal, or recovery of any lodger who may have been ill of any infectious disease, give written notice thereof to the Medical Officer of Health, and shall, as soon as conveniently may be, cause every part of the room which may have been occupied by such lodger to be thoroughly cleansed and disinfected, and shall also cause every article in such room which may be liable to retain infection to be in like manner cleansed and disinfected, unless the Sanitary Authority shall have ordered the same to be destroyed. He shall comply with all instructions of the Medical Officer of Health as to the proper cleansing and disinfection of the room and articles. When the same shall have been thoroughly cleansed and disinfected in accordance with such instructions, he shall give written notice thereof to the Medical Officer of Health; and, until two days from the giving of such notice shall have elapsed, and unless and until by such cleansing and disinfection the necessary precautions for preventing the spread of disease shall have been duly taken, such keeper shall not cause or suffer any other lodger to be received into the room which, in the case hereinbefore specified, may have been exposed to infection. 19. A keeper of a common lodging-house shall not, at any time, cause or suffer any room which may be appointed for use as a kitchen or scullery to be used or occupied as a sleeping apartment. 20. A keeper of a common lodging-house shall not cause or suffer any bed in any room which may be used as a sleeping apartment by persons of the male sex above the age of ten years, to be occupied at any one time by more than one such person. Page 51 21. A keeper of a common lodging-house shall not cause or suffer any lodger to occupy any bed in such house at any time within the period of eight hours after such bed shall have been vacated by the last preceding occupant thereof. 22. Every keeper of a common lodging-house shall cause every room in such house, which may be appointed for use and occupation as a sleeping apartment, to be furnished with such number of beds and bedsteads, and with such a supply of bed-clothes and of necessary utensils, as may be sufficient for the requirements of the number of lodgers received into such room. 23. Every keeper of a common lodging-house, on receiving from the Sanitary Authority a notice or placard wherein shall be stated the description or number of the room to which such notice or placard may apply, and the maximum number of lodgers authorized to be received at any one time in such room, shall put up or affix and continue such notice or placard in a suitable and conspicuous position in such room, and in such a manner that the words and figures in such notice or placard may be clearly and distinctly visible and legible. He shall not, at any time, wilfully conceal, deface, alter, or . obliterate any letter or figure in such notice or placard, or wilfully or carelessly injure or destroy such notice or placard. 24. Every keeper of a common lodging-house, on receiving from the Sanitary Authority, for the purpose of exhibition in such house or in any room, therein, a copy or copies of any byelaw or byelaws for the time being in force with respect to common lodging-houses, shall put up or affix and continue such copy or copies in a suitable and conspicuous position in such house, or in such room, and in such a manner that the contents of such copy or copies maybe clearly and distinctly visible and legible. He shall not, at any time, wilfully conceal, deface, alter, or obliterate any part of the contents of such copy or copies, or wilfully or carelessly injure or destroy such copy or copies. 25. Every keeper of a common lodging-house who shall offend against any of the foregoing byelaws shall be liable for every such offence to a penalty of forty shillings, and in the case of a continuing offence to a further penalty of ten shillings for each day after written notice of the offence from the Sanitary Authority. D 2 Page 52 Provided nevertheless, that the justices or court before whom any complaint may be made or any proceedings may be taken in respect of any such offence may, if they think fit, adjudge the payment as a penalty of any sum less than the full amount of the penalty imposed by this byelaw. SEALED with the Common Seal |-----------------| of the Local Board, for the District | Wirksworth | of Wirksworth, at a meeting held on | Local Board and | the Third day of December, One | Urban Sanitary | thousand eight hundred and seventy- | Authority | nine |-----------------| (Signed) P. HUBBERSTY, Chairman. (Countersigned) J. F. KINGDON, Clerk. ALLOWED by the Local Govern- |------------------| ment Board this Eighth day of | Seal of the | December, One thousand eight | Local Government | hundred and seventy-nine | Board | |------------------| G. SCLATER-BOOTH, President. JOHN LAMBERT, Secretary. Page 53

    BYELAWS

    MADE BY THE LOCAL BOARD FOR THE DISTRICT
    OF WIRKSWORTH, ACTING AS THE URBAN
    SANITARY AUTHORITY, WITH RESPECT TO

    NUISANCES.

    For the Prevention of Nuisances arising from Snow, filth, Dust, Ashes, and Rubbish, and for the Prevention of the Keeping of Animals on any Premises so as to be Injurious to Health. Interpretation of Terms. [Throughout these byelaws the expression "The Sanitary Authority "means the Local Board for the District of Wirksworth acting as the Urban Sanitary Authority; and the expression "The District " means the Urban Sanitary District of Wirksworth.] 1. The occupier of any premises fronting, adjoining, or abutting on any street shall, as soon as conveniently may be after the cessation of any fall of snow, remove or caused to be removed from the footways and pavements adjoining such premises all snow fallen or accumulated on such footways and pavements, in such a manner and with such precautions as will prevent any undue accumulation in any channel or carriageway or upon any paved crossing. 2. Every person who shall remove any snow from any premises shall deposit the same in such a manner and with such precautions as to prevent any undue accumulation thereof in any channel or carriageway or upon any paved crossing. If in the process of such removal any snow be deposited upon Page 54 any footway or pavement, he shall forthwith remove such snow from such footway or pavement 3. Every person who, for the purpose of facilitating the removal of any snow from any footway or pavement, shall throw salt upon such snow shall forthwith effectually remove from such footway or pavement the whole of the deposit resulting from the mixture of the salt with the snow. 4. The occupier of any premises who shall remove or cause to be removed any filth, dust, ashes, or rubbish produced upon his premises shall not, in the process of removal, deposit such filth, dust, ashes, or rubbish, or cause or allow such filth, dust, ashes, or rubbish to be deposited upon any footway, pavement, or carriageway. For the purpose of such removal, he shall in every case use, or cause to be used, a suitable vessel or receptacle, cart, or carriage, properly constructed, and furnished with a sufficient covering, so as to prevent the escape of the contents thereof. If in the process of such removal any person shall slop or spill or cause or allow to fall upon any footway, pavement, or carriageway any such filth, dust, ashes, or rubbish, he shall forthwith remove such filth, dust, ashes, or rubbish from the place whereon the same may have been slopped or spilled, or may have fallen, and shall immediately thereafter thoroughly sweep or otherwise thoroughly cleanse such place. 5. Every person who, for the purpose of depositing any filth, dust, ashes, or rubbish upon any lands, or premises, or for the purpose of depositing any dust, ashes, or rubbish in any receptacle provided by the Sanitary Authority for the temporary deposit and collection of dust, ashes, and rubbish, shall remove such filth, dust, ashes, or rubbish from any premises, or from any cart, carriage, or other means of conveyance across or along any footway, pavement or carriageway, shall use a suitable vessel or receptacle properly constructed, and furnished with a sufficient covering so as to prevent the escape of the contents thereof; and shall adopt such other precautions as may be necessary to prevent any such filth, dust, ashes, or rubbish from being slopped or spilled, or from falling in the process of removal upon such Footway, pavement, or carriageway. If in the process of such removal any such filth, dust, ashes, or rubbish be slopped or spilled or fall upon such footway, pavement or carriageway, he shall forthwith remove such filth, dust, ashes, or rubbish from the place whereon the same may have been slopped or spilled or may have fallen, and shall im- Page 55 mediately thereafter thoroughly sweep or otherwise thoroughly cleanse such place. 6. Every person who shall convey any filth, dust, ashes, or rubbish through or along any street shall use a cart, carriage, or other means of conveyance, properly constructed, and furnished with a sufficient covering so as to prevent the escape of the contents thereof. If in the process of such conveyance any such filth, dust, ashes, or rubbish be slopped or spilled, or fall upon any carriageway or elsewhere in such street, he shall forthwith remove such filth, dust, ashes, or rubbish from the place whereon the same may have been slopped or spilled, or may have fallen, and shall immediately thereafter thoroughly sweep or otherwise thoroughly cleanse such place. 7. The owner or consignee of any cargo, load, or collection of filth which may have been conveyed, by water or by land, to any place within the district to await removal from such place by such owner or consignee, and may have been deposited to await such removal upon any premises whereon such filth may lawfully be deposited, but in such a situation and in such a manner that such filth may be exposed without adequate means of preventing the emission of stench therefrom at a distance of not more than sixty yards from any street, or from any building or premises used wholly or partly for human habitation, or as a school, or as a place of public worship, or of public resort or public assembly, or from any building or premises in or on which any person may be employed in any manufacture, trade, or business, shall not, without reasonable excuse, cause or suffer such filth to remain after the deposit and before the removal thereof for a longer period than eighteen hours. 8. Every person who may have undertaken to deliver to the owner or consignee thereof any cargo, load, or collection of filth which may have been conveyed, by water or by land, to any place within the district for the purpose of being delivered by such person to such owner or consignee, and may have been deposited to await such delivery upon any premises whereon such filth may lawfully be deposited, but in such a situation and in such a manner that such filth may be exposed without adequate means of preventing the emission of stench therefrom at a distance of not more than sixty yards from any street or from any building or premises used wholly or partly for human habitation, or as a school, or as a place of public worship or of public resort or public assembly, or from any building or premises in or on which Page 56 any person may be employed in any manufacture, trade, or business, shall not, without reasonable excuse, cause or suffer such filth to remain after the deposit and before the removal thereof for a period of more than eighteen hours. 9. Every person who, for any purpose of agriculture, shall deposit or cause to be deposited upon any lands or premises within the distance of sixty yards from any street, or from any building or premises used, wholly or partly, for human habitation, or as a school, or as a place of public worship, or of public resort or public assembly, or from any building or premises in or on which any person may be employed in any manufacture, trade, or business, any filth which may have been removed from any cesspool, or any filth which may have been removed from any privy, or from any receptacle used in connection with any privy, and which may not have been effectually deodorized, shall, with all reasonable despatch, cause such filth to be ploughed or dug into the ground, or to be covered with a sufficient layer of earth, ashes, or other suitable substance, or shall adopt such other precautions as may be reasonably necessary to prevent the emission of noxious or offensive effluvia from such filth. 10. The occupier of any premises within the distance of twenty yards from any street or from any building or premises used wholly or partly for human habitation, or as a school or as a place of public worship, or of public resort, or public assembly, or from any building in or on which any person may be employed in any manufacture, trade, or business, shall not, without reasonable excuse, empty or cleanse or cause to be emptied or cleansed any privy, cesspool, or other receptacle for filth belonging to his premises, or provided for use on or in connection with such premises, or remove or cause to be removed from such privy, cesspool, or receptacle, or from such premises, any part of the contents of such privy, cesspool, or receptacle at any time except between the hours of 5.30 a.m. and 8.30 a.m. during the months of March, April, May, June, July, August, September, and October, and between the hours of 7.0 a.m. and 9.30 a.m. during the months of November, December, January, and February. 11. The occupier of any premises shall not keep any cattle or deposit the dung of any cattle in such a situation or in such a manner as to pollute any water supplied for use, or used or likely to be used by man for drinking or domestic purposes or Page 57 for manufacturing drinks for the use of man, or any water used or likely to be used in any dairy. 12. Every occupier of a building or premises wherein or whereon any horse or other beast of draught or burden or any cattle or swine may be kept shall provide, in connection with such building or premises, a suitable receptacle for dung, manure, soil, filth, or other offensive or noxious matter which may from time to time be produced in the keeping of any such animal in such building or upon such premises. He shall cause such receptacle to be constructed so that the bottom or floor thereof shall not in any case be lower than the surface of the ground adjoining such receptacle. He shall also cause such receptacle to be constructed in such a manner and of such materials and to be maintained at all times in such a condition as to prevent any escape of the contents thereof, or any soakage therefrom into the ground or into the wall of any building. He shall cause such receptacle to be furnished with a suitable cover, and, when not required to be open, to be kept properly covered. He shall likewise provide in connection with such building or premises a sufficient drain, constructed in such a manner and of such materials and maintained at all times in such a condition as effectually to convey all urine or liquid filth or refuse therefrom into a sewer, cesspool, or other proper receptacle. He shall, once at least in every week, remove or cause to be removed from the receptacle provided in accordance with the requirements of this byelaw all dung, manure, soil, filth, or other offensive or noxious matter produced in or upon such building or premises and deposited in such receptacle. 13. Every person who shall offend against any of the foregoing byelaws shall be liable for every such offence to a penalty of forty shillings, and in the case of a continuing offence to a further penalty of ten shillings for each day after written notice of the offence from the Sanitary Authority. Provided, nevertheless, that the justices or court before whom any complaint may be made or any proceedings may be taken in respect of any such offence may, if they think fit, adjudge the Page 58 payment as a penalty of any sum less than the full amount of the penalty imposed by this byelaw. SEALED with the Common Seal |-----------------| of the Local Board, for the District | Wirksworth | of Wirksworth, at a meeting held on | Local Board and | the Third day of December, One | Urban Sanitary | thousand eight hundred and seventy- | Authority | nine |-----------------| (Signed) P. HUBBERSTY, Chairman. (Countersigned) J. F. KINGDON, Clerk. ALLOWED by the Local Govern- |------------------| ment Board this Eighth day of | Seal of the | December, One thousand eight | Local Government | hundred and seventy-nine | Board | |------------------| G. SCLATER-BOOTH, President. JOHN LAMBERT, Secretary. Page 59

    BYELAWS

    MADE BY THE LOCAL BOARD FOR THE DISTRICT
    OF WIRKSWORTH, ACTING AS THE URBAN
    SANITARY AUTHORITY, WITH RESPECT TO

    THE CLEANSING OF FOOTWAYS AND PAVEMENTS,

    THE REMOVAL OF HOUSE REFUSE,

    and

    THE CLEANSING OF EARTH-CLOSETS,
    PRIVIES, ASHPITS, & CESSPOOLS.

    The Cleansing of Footways and Pavements adjoining any Premises. 1. The occupier of any premises fronting, adjoining or abutting on any street shall, once at least in every day, Sundays excepted, cleanse the footways and pavements adjoining such premises. The Removal of House Refuse from any Premises. 2. The occupier of any premises shall, once at least in every two months, remove the house refuse from such premises. The Cleansing of Earth-closets, Primes, Ashpits, and Cesspools belonging to any Premises. 3. The occupier of any premises shall, once at least in every three months, cleanse every earth-closet belonging to such premises and furnished with a fixed receptacle for fecal matter, and with suitable means or apparatus for the frequent and effectual application of dry earth to such matter. 4. The occupier of any premises shall, once at least in every week, cleanse every earth-closet belonging to such premises and Page 60 furnished with a movable receptacle for fecal matter, and with suitable means or apparatus for the frequent and effectual application of dry earth to such matter. 5. The occupier of any premises shall, once at least in every two months, cleanse every privy belonging to such premises and furnished with a fixed receptacle for faecal matter. 6. The occupier of any premises shall, once at least in every week, cleanse every privy belonging to such premises and furnished with a movable receptacle for fecal matter. 7. The occupier of any premises shall, once at least in every two months, cleanse every ashpit belonging to such premises, and used only as a receptacle for ashes, dust, and dry refuse. 8. The occupier of any premises shall, once at least in every two months, cleanse every ashpit belonging to such premises, and used in connection with a privy as a receptacle for fecal matter, together with ashes, dust, and dry refuse. 9. The occupier of any premises shall, once at least in every three months, cleanse every cesspool belonging to such premises. Penalties. 10. Every person who shall offend against any of the foregoing byelaws shall be liable for every such offence to a penalty of forty shillings. Provided, nevertheless, that the justices or court before whom any complaint may be made or any proceedings may be taken in respect of any such offence may, if they think fit, adjudge the payment as a penalty of any sum less than the full amount of the penalty imposed by this byelaw. SEALED with the Common Seal |-----------------| of the Local Board, for the District | Wirksworth | of Wirksworth, at a meeting held on | Local Board and | the Third day of December, One | Urban Sanitary | thousand eight hundred and seventy- | Authority | nine |-----------------| (Signed) P. HUBBERSTY, Chairman. (Countersigned) J. F. KINGDON, Clerk. Page 61 ALLOWED by the Local Govern- |------------------| ment Board this Eighth day of | Seal of the | December, One thousand eight | Local Government | hundred and seventy-nine | Board | |------------------| G. SCLATER-BOOTH, President. JOHN LAMBERT, Secretary. Page 62

    BYELAWS

    MADE BY THE LOCAL BOARD FOR THE DISTRICT
    OF WIRKSWORTH, ACTING AS THE URBAN
    SANITARY AUTHORITY, WITH RESPECT TO

    SLAUGHTER-HOUSES.

    Interpretation of Terms. [Throughout these byelaws the expression "The Sanitary Authority" means the Local Board for the District of Wirksworth acting as the Urban Sanitary Authority; and the expression " The District" means the Urban Sanitary District of Wirksworth.] For the Licensing, Registering, and Inspection of Slaughter-houses, for Preventing Cruelty therein, for keeping the same in a cleanly and proper state, for removing Filth at least once in every Twenty-four Hours, and requiring such Slaughterhouses to be provided with a good supply of Water. 1. Every person who shall apply to the Sanitary Authority for a licence for the erection of any premises to be used and occupied as a slaughter-house, shall furnish in the form hereunto appended a true statement of the particulars therein required to be specified. FORM OF APPLICATION FOR A LICENCE To erect Premises for use and occupation as a Slaughter-house. To the Sanitary Authority for the District of I, , of , , do hereby apply to you for a licence in pursuance of the statutory provisions in that behalf, for the erection of certain premises to be used and occupied as a slaughter-house; and I do hereby declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief the Schedule hereunto annexed contains a true statement of the several particulars therein set forth with respect to the said premises. Page 63 SCHEDULE. ----------------------------------------|----------------------------- 1. Boundaries, area, and description | of the proposed site of the premises | to be erected for use | and occupation as a slaughterhouse. | ----------------------------------------| 2. Description of the premises to be | erected on such site: | | (a.) Nature, position, form, super- | ficial area, and cubical contents | of the several buildings therein | comprised. | | (b.) Extent of paved area in such | buildings, and materials to be employed | in the paving of such area. | | (c.) Mode of construction of the | internal surface of the walls of such | buildings, and materials to be employed | in such construction. | | (d.) Means of water supply-position, | form, materials, mode of construction, | and capacity of the receptacles | for water to be constructed | for permanent use in or upon the | premises. | | (e.) Means of drainage -position, | size, materials, and mode of | construction of the several drains. | | (f.) Means of lighting and ventilation. | | (g.) Means of access for cattle | from the nearest street or public | thoroughfare. | | (h.) Number, position, and dimensions | of the several stalls, pens, or | lairs to be provided on the premises. | | (i.) Number of animals for which | accommodation will be provided in | such stalls, pens, or lairs, | distinguishing- | 1. Oxen. | 2. Calves. | 3. Sheep or lambs. | 4. Swine. | ----------------------------------------|----------------------------- Witness my hand this day of 18 . (Signature of Applicant) (Address of Applicant.) Page 64 2. Every person who shall apply to the Sanitary Authority for a licence for the use and occupation of any premises as a slaughter-house, shall furnish in the form hereunto appended a true statement of the particulars therein required to be specified. FORM OF APPLICATION FOR A LICENCE For the Use and Occupation of Premises as a Slaughter-house. To the Sanitary Authority for the District of I, ,of , do hereby apply to you for a licence, in pursuance of the statutory provisions in that behalf, for the use and occupation as a slaughter-house of the premises hereinafter described; and I do hereby declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief the Schedule hereunto annexed contains a true statement of the several particulars therein set forth with respect to the said premises. SCHEDULE. -------------------------------------------|--------------------------- 1. Situation and boundaries of the | premises to be used and occupied | as a slaughter-house. | -------------------------------------------| 2. Christian name, surname, and | address of the owner of the | premises. | -------------------------------------------| 3. Nature and conditions of applicant's | tenure of the premises: | (a.) For what term; and whether | by lease or otherwise. | (b.) Whether applicant is sole | owner, lessee, or tenant; or whether | applicant is jointly interested with | any other person or persons, and if | so, with whom, | -------------------------------------------| 4. Description of the premises: | (a.) Nature, position, form, super- | facial area, and cubical contents of | the several buildings therein comprised.| (b.) Extent of paved area in such | Page 65 buildings, and materials employed | in the paving of such area. | (c.) Mode of construction of the | internal surface of the walls of such | buildings, and materials employed | in such construction. | (d.) Means of water supply-position, | form, materials, mode of con- | struction, and capacity of the several | cisterns, tanks, and receptacles for | water, constructed for permanent | use in or upon the premises. | (e.) Means of drainage-position, | size, materials, and mode of con- | struction of the several drains. | (f.) Means of lighting and ventilation. | (g.) Means of access for cattle | from the nearest street or public | thoroughfare. | (h.) Number, position, and dimensions | of the several stalls, pens, | or lairs provided on the premises. | (i.) Numbers of animals for which | accommodation will be provided in | such stalls, pens, or lairs, | distinguishing- | 1. Oxen. | 2. Calves. | 3. Sheep or lambs. | 4. Swine. | -------------------------------------------|--------------------------- Witness my hand this day of 18 . (Signature of applicant.) (Address of applicant.) 3. Every person to whom the Sanitary Authority may have resolved that a licence be granted to erect premises for use and occupation as a slaughter-house shall be entitled to receive from the sanitary authority a licence in the form hereunto appended, or to the like effect. Page 66 FORM OF LICENCE To erect Premises for use and occupation as a Slaughter-house, No. of |_________________ Licence.| Reference to |______________ Folio in Register| District of Whereas application has been made to us, the Sanitary Authority for the district of , by , of , , for a licence to erect on a site within the said district certain premises for use and occupation as a slaughterhouse: Now we, the said Sanitary Authority, in pursuance of the powers conferred upon us by the statutory provisions in that behalf, do hereby license the said , of , , to erect for use and occupation as a slaughter-house upon the site defined or described in the Schedule hereunto annexed the premises whereof the description is set forth in the said Schedule. SCHEDULE. -------------------------------------|--------------------------------- Boundaries, area, and description of | Description of the premises to be the proposed site of the premises |erected for use and occupation as to be erected for use and occupa- |a slaughter-house. tion as a slaughter-house. | -------------------------------------|---------------------------------- | | | | | | -------------------------------------|----------------------------------- |---------| Given under the common seal of the Sanitary | | Authority for the district of | L.S. | , this day of | | , in the year one thousand |---------| eight hundred and -------------------------------- Clerk to the Sanitary Authority. Page 67 4. Every person to whom the Sanitary Authority may have resolved that a licence be granted for the use and occupation of any premises as a slaughter-house shall be entitled to receive from the Sanitary Authority a licence in the form hereunto appended, or to the like effect:- FORM OF LICENCE For the use and occupation of Premises as a Slaughter-house. No. of |______________ Licence.| Reference to |_______________ Folio in Register | District of Whereas application has been made to us, the Sanitary Authority for the district of , by , of , , for a licence for the use and occupation of certain premises as a slaughter-house: Now we, the said Sanitary Authority, in pursuance of the powers conferred upon us by the statutory provisions in that behalf, do hereby licence the said , of , , to use and occupy as a slaughter-house the premises whereof the situation and description are set forth in the Schedule hereunto annexed. SCHEDULE. ----------------------------------|------------------------------------ Situation of the premises to be |Description of the premises to be used and occupied as a slaughter- |used and occupied as a slaughterhouse, house. | ----------------------------------|------------------------------------- | | | | | | | ----------------------------------|-------------------------------------- |---------| Given under the common seal of the Sanitary | | Authority for the district of | L.S. | , this day of | | , in the year one thousand |---------| eight hundred and -------------------------------- Clerk to the Sanitary Authority. Page 68 5. Every person who may have obtained from the Sanitary Authority, in accordance with the provisions of the byelaw in that behalf, a licence to erect any premises for use and occupation as a slaughter-house, or a licence for the use and occupatlon. of any premises as a slaughter-house, shall register such premises at the office of the Sanitary Authority. He shall, for such purpose, apply, by notice in writing addressed to the clerk to the Sanitary Authority, to register such premises; and thereupon it shall be the duty of the clerk to the Sanitary Authority, within a reasonable time after the receipt of such notice in writing, to enter in a book to be provided by the Sanitary Authority in the form hereunto appended the particulars therein required to be specified. FORM OF REGISTER OF SLAUGHTER-HOUSES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- District of ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Folio ------|-------|-------|---------|---------|---------|------------------------ Date |Date |Number |Christian|Christian|Situation| Number of animals of | of | of |Name, |Name, | of | for which accommodation Regist|Licence|Licence|Surname, |Surname, |Slaughter| is provided ration| | |Address |Address |House | on the premises. | | | of | of | |-----|------|-----|----- | | |Owner |Occupier | | | | | | | | of | of | | | | | | | |Slaughter|Slaughter| | | | | | | |House |House | | | | | ------|-------|-------|---------|---------|---------|-----|------|-----|----- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ------|-------|-------|---------|---------|---------|-----|------|-----|----- 6. Every occupier of a slaughter-house shall, at all reasonable times, afford free access to every part of the premises to the Medical Officer of Health, the Inspector of Nuisances, or the Surveyor of the Sanitary Authority, or to any committee specially appointed by the Sanitary Authority in that behalf, for the purpose of inspecting such premises. 7. Every occupier of a slaughter-house shall cause every Page 69 animal brought to such slaughter-house for the purpose of being slaughtered, and confined in any pound, stall, pen, or lair upon the premises previously to being slaughtered, to be provided during such confinement with a sufficient quantity of wholesome water. 8. Every occupier of a slaughter-house, and every servant of such occupier, and every other person employed upon the premises in the slaughtering of cattle shall, before proceeding to slaughter any bull, ox, cow, heifer, or steer, cause the head of such animal to be securely fastened so as to enable such animal to be felled with as little pain or suffering as practicable, and shall in the process of slaughtering any animal use such instruments and appliances and adopt such method of slaughtering and otherwise take such precautions as may be requisite to secure the infliction of as little pain or suffering as practicable. 9. Every occupier of a slaughter-house shall cause the means of ventilation provided in or in connection with such slaughterhouse to be kept at all times in proper order and efficient action; and so that the ventilation shall be by direct communication with the external air. 10. Every occupier of a slaughter-house shall cause the drainage provided in or in connection with such slaughter-house to be kept at all times in proper order and efficient action. 11. Every occupier of a slaughter-house shall cause every part of the internal surface of the walls and every part of the floor or pavement of such slaughter-house to be kept at all times in good order and repair, so as to prevent the absorption therein of any blood or liquid refuse or filth which may be spilled or splashed thereon, or any offensive or noxious matter which may be deposited thereon or brought in contact therewith. He shall cause every part of the internal surface above the floor or pavement of such slaughter-house to be thoroughly washed with hot lime-wash at least four times in every year- that is to say, at least once during the periods between the first and tenth of March, the first and tenth of June, the first and tenth of September, and the first and tenth of December respectively. He shall cause every part of the floor or pavement of such slaughter-house, and every part of the internal surface of every wall on which any blood or liquid refuse or filth may have been spilled or splashed, or with which any offensive or noxious matter may have been brought in contact during the process of Page 70 slaughtering or dressing in such slaughter-house, to be thoroughly washed and cleansed within three hours after the completion of such slaughtering or dressing. 12. An occupier of a slaughter-house shall not at any time keep any dog, or cause or suffer any dog to be kept in such slaughter-house. He shall not at any time keep, or cause or suffer to be kept in such slaughter-house any animal of which the flesh may be used for the food of man, unless such animal be so kept in preparation for the slaughtering thereof upon the premises. He shall not at any time keep any cattle, or cause or suffer any cattle to be kept in such slaughter-house for a longer period than may be necessary for the purpose of preparing such cattle, whether by fasting or otherwise, for the process of slaughtering. If, at any time, he keep, or suffer to be kept, in such slaughterhouse any cattle for the purpose of preparation, whether by fasting or otherwise, for the process of slaughtering, he shall not cause or suffer such cattle to be confined elsewhere than in the pounds, stalls, pens, or lairs provided on the premises. 13. Every occupier of a slaughter-house shall cause the hide or skin, fat, and offal of every animal slaughtered on the premises to be removed therefrom within twenty-four hours after the completion of the slaughtering of such animal. 14. Every occupier of a slaughter-house shall cause the means of water supply provided in or in connection with such slaughter-house to be kept at all times in proper order and efficient action, and shall provide for use on the premises a sufficient supply of water for the purpose of thoroughly washing and cleansing the floor or pavement, every part of the internal surface of every wall of such slaughter-house, and every vessel or receptacle which may be used for the collection and removal from such slaughter-house of any blood, manure, garbage, filth, or other refuse products of the slaughtering of any cattle or the dressing" of any carcase on the premises. 15. Every occupier of a slaughter-house shall provide a sufficient number of vessels or receptacles, properly constructed of galvanized iron or other non-absorbent material, and furnished with closely-fitting covers, for the purpose of receiving and conveying from such slaughter-house all blood, manure, garbage, filth, or other refuse products of the slaughtering of any cattle or the dressing of any carcase on the premises. He shall forthwith upon the completion of the slaughtering Page 71 of any cattle or the dressing of any carcase in such slaughterhouse cause such blood, manure, garbage, filth, or other refuse products to be collected and deposited in such vessels or receptacles, and shall cause all the contents of such vessels or receptacles to be removed from the premises at least once in every twenty-four hours. He shall cause every such vessel or receptacle to be thoroughly cleansed immediately after such vessel or receptacle shall have been used for such collection and removal, and shall cause every such vessel or receptacle when not in actual use to be kept thoroughly clean. 16. Every person who shall offend against any of the foregoing byelaws for the registering and inspection of slaughterhouses, for preventing cruelty therein, for keeping the same in a cleanly and proper state, for removing filth at least once in every twenty four hours, and for requiring such slaughter-houses to be provided with a sufficient supply of water, shall be liable for every such offence to a penalty of five pounds, and in the case of a continuing nuisance, to a penalty of ten shillings for every day during which such nuisance shall be continued after the conviction for the first offence: Provided, nevertheless, that the justices or court before whom any complaint may be made or any proceedings may be taken in respect of any such offence may, if they think fit, adjudge the payment as a penalty of any sum less than the full amount of the penalty imposed by this byelaw. SEALED with the Common Seal |-----------------| of the Local Board, for the District | Wirksworth | of Wirksworth, at a meeting held on | Local Board and | the Third day of December, One | Urban Sanitary | thousand eight hundred and seventy- | Authority | nine |-----------------| (Signed) P. HUBBERSTY, Chairman. (Countersigned) J. F. KINGDON, Clerk. Page 72 ALLOWED by the Local Govern- |------------------| ment Board this Eighth day of | Seal of the | December, One thousand eight | Local Government | hundred and seventy-nine | Board | |------------------| G. SCLATER-BOOTH, President. JOHN LAMBERT, Secretary.

Emails

Allen Williams writes:
The process of building and development generally has been gradually developing since the middle of the 19th century. Local byelaws such as the ones you have quoted have been supplanted by national rules known collectively as the planning regulations and building regulations. In order to construct a building today, you not only have to comply with the regulations, but get permission from the local authority beforehand by submitting detailed plans to get (a) planning permission and (b) buildings regulations approval.

Put simply, planning permission will involve showing that your proposal accords with the development plans of the authority concerned. You will not be able to build a warehouse in an area scheduled for residential development, or a new house on the site of an existing one in a conservation area, for example. You also have to show that there is adequate access to the building, that it does not unreasonably impinge on neighbours, is of an acceptable general design and so on. Planning applications are published and there is scope for objections. For example, there is currently an application from Tesco to build a huge store in Old Trafford, and locals have orchestrated a campaign to stop it, on the grounds that it will irrevocably change the nature of the area to the detriment of residents and that the existing road network will not be able to cope with the traffic which would be generated. It will be seen that planning decisions are to a large extent political.

Once planning permission is obtained, building regulations have to be complied with. These closely govern such things as design, materials and methods of construction. These are changing all the time and are very technical. If the building regs people aren't familiar with a novel method of construction, they will require detailed calculations to prove that the method complies with the regulations, for example, for the strength of a roof. To give you a real example, I did the plans for a friend's dining room extension a number of years ago, which had to be as long as possible but subject to the constraint that the pitched roof of the ground floor extension could (obviously) not meet the back wall above the level of the first floor window above. I found that the lowest angle of pitch (and therefore the length of the extension) which complied with the regulations could only be achieved with the use of a particular type of Marley roof tile fitted using a patent method of clips. This was specified on the plans. If it had not, buildings regs approval would not have been obtained. As well as having to get prior approval of the plans, you need to have the works inspected at each stage by the buildings inspector to make sure that you have complied with the plans.

The Wirksworh byelaws are by contrast fairly basic.

Best wishes

Allen Williams
Sale Cheshire

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